Why Slavery Started in the Americas - 1247 Words

Freedom is defined in many different ways: The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint;Political or national independence; Personal liberty, as opposed to bondage or slavery.(Dictionary) When the Europeans first colonized North America, the land was wide in range, the work was unpleasant, and there was a severe shortage of labor. Europeans needed Men and women to work the land. Even though the white servants paid their way from Europe through contracted labor that did not solve the problem. During the early seventeenth century, the Dutch ship had loaded African slaves unto their ship and shipped them off to the New World. Slaves were most useful for large farms where cash crops, such as tobacco, would have been grown most. Slavery became unprofitable up North at the end of the American Revolution and started to slowly dye out. Slavery was a moment in history that made the African American culture strong as a race. If you wanted freedom, you have to fight for it. Mentally, Physically and Spiritually. It was given to no one freely. A slave is: a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. (Dictionary 2013) Solomon Northup was really a man who captured the true essences for fighting for his freedom. After being free for thirty years and having someone take his freedom was not going to cut it. After years of bondage, he came into contact with an outspoken abolitionist from Canada, who sent lettersShow MoreRelatedAmerican Slavery During The 17th Century1499 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Slavery in the 17th Century The struggles of African Americans in a fight for freedom and civil rights in the U.S. during the seventeenth century was tarnished with blood and destruction of African cultures and families. A struggle that is condescending to the reasons as to why the thirteen American colonies were established. The Founding Fathers of America built a nation with a mission that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed byRead MoreSlavery Issues Of Slavery Between North And South848 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Issues The issues of slavery between North and South was indirectly the cause of the beginning of civil war. Since the North changed their minds about the black population, they had a difficult time with the South, with they believe that Africans had to serve white people. So the problem between the North and South wasn’t something new, it was happening since the government was trying to prevent spread out of the slavery across America, as a result, South started to create, manipulate, andRead MoreHistory Is The Study Of Fast Event931 Words   |  4 Pageswhat people did to make this world beautiful. From this class or especially from my professor Amy Bell I learn that what written in the books are not all fact. Before I used to hate history subject because of date, but after taking history two I started to love to study different history books to know the fact. Especially I read the united states history books because I live here and want to know everything about where I lived. Wh at we read in a book is the writer view point according what theyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On America1353 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery in America had a tight hold over the southern half. It was primarily located in the southern portion and African American slaves were held on large plantations and out in the fields. Some were even leased into the industrializing factories. Ever since slavery in America started, slaves were considered property. Every black person was a white persons â€Å"property†. Now American had a belief, a belief that every man were entitled to God-given rights. The rights could not be stripped fromRead MoreSlavery Was The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery had an enormous impact economically and socially on America in the nineteenth century. First of all, producing and selling cotton affected America’s economy greatly. Secondly, slaves didn’t get paid any recurring fees like most citizens would have. Thirdly, t he south was so deeply rooted in agriculture that it limited industrial growth which may have made more profit. Fourth, America’s economy was significantly influenced by the American Civil War, which was instigated because of slaveryRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is Abraham Lincoln such an amazing person? Who is he? What did he do to change America for the better? Almost everyone should know about Lincoln. Lincoln was not the man everyone thought was fit for the job, they all thought he was less than what he was. Lincoln showed them that he is one of the best presidents America has had. There is a chance America could still have slavery in the country if Lincoln did not step in and start to end slavery. Lincoln was a big part of this countries historyRead MoreSlavery in the 1840s Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery was always a controversial issue in America. Many people saw slavery as an essential part of life in every aspect, while o thers saw it as immoral and an injustice to humanity. In the 1840s when Manifest Destiny started to thrive, things began to heat up. New territories meant a possibility for a new slave or free state in America. Because the new territories were allowed the right of popular sovereignty to determine whether they would have slaves or not, abolitionists and non-abolitionistsRead MoreSlavery in America941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America Does anyone know who really started slavery? Slavery first took place in North America, 1619 at a British colony of Jamestown Virginia† (Boles, John). This caused slavery to spread throughout the American colonies. Slavery had a huge impact on America and still does till this day. Slavery was nothing new when it came to America. It’s been going on since before the 1400’s.†Slavery had existed in Europe from classical times and did not disappear with the collapse of the Roman Empire†Read MoreSlavery During The Revolutionary War1388 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery during the revolutionary War Slavery was a legal system in which people of the dark color did not have the same rights as white people did, and they were treated as they were a property. It started in 1619 in Virginia where the slaves were brought in North America to do labor jobs. They would immediately become slaves as soon as they get captured, or if they were born into a slave family. Slaves were treated very badly from their owners, and they were forcedRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery In Soul By Soul By Walter Johnson1250 Words   |  5 PagesWhen referring to the history Antebellum America, the two things that shape our country are the expansion of slavery and the expansion of the Market Revolution. In the novel Soul by Soul, by Walter Johnson, the author exploits the effects of slavery on the people involved with slave trade in the south. It also shows the reader just how vital slavery is to the Market Revolution, and how the consumers culture, in turn, shaped personal identities. Both slavery an d the Market Revolution shaped presidential

PGP Desktop TCP - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6388 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Task-1:-PGPPage-5-To-14 Problem statement Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PGP Desktop TCP" essay for you Create order Download PGP Desktop software.. Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management .. 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging . c) Experiment and report on the remaining option available under the licence.. Task-2:- TCP/IP SecurityPage-15-To-20 Problem statement Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. Describe the following technologies: SSL (Secure Socket Layer).. IPSec (IP Security). Kerbaros.. Task-3:- Hardware and softwarePage-21-To-26 Problem statement Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX Differences between HIDS and NIDS Task-4:- Buffer overrunsPage27-To-32 Problem statement How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. Solution Task-1 Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging 1.Key management: Whenmanaged by a PGP Universal Server, PGP Desktop 9.x provides a secure recovery mechanism for private keys, called KeyReconstruction. As its name suggests, Key Reconstruction can be used to reconstruct (or restore) your private Key if you have forgotten its passphrase, or if you have deleted your private Key . To take advantage of Key Reconstruction, you send Key reconstruction data to a reconstruction server (a PGP Universal Server that is managing your PGP Desktop)while you stillhave your private Key and remember its passphrase. The reconstruction data for your private Key consists of five questions, that you may create, and five answers that only you know. After you have sent your reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you may reconstruct your private Key at any time by answering 3 of the 5questions correctly. If you have deleted your private Keyor forgottenits passphrase before sending reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you cannot regain your private Key using KeyReconstruction. If you need help understanding any of the concepts mentioned above, please read the following Crypto Concepts section. Otherwise, feel free to skip down and Reconstruct your private Key Crypto Concepts Private Key When you install PGP Desktop you are prompted to create a keypair, which is comprised of two related keys: a public Key and a private Key Your private Key is used for decrypting something that was encrypted using your related public Key, as well as generating digital signatures that can be verified using your public Key As its name suggests, your private Key. should be kept totally private, and should be protected by a strong passphrase. Key Reconstruction For detailed technical information about Key Reconstruction, please refer to the white paper Inside PGP Key Reconstruction (from the PGP Corporation White Papers). Reconstruct Your Private Key Click the PGP Tray lock icon in your system tray and then click Open PGP Desktop: Click the PGP Keys control box. Select the keyring that contains your Key Click the Key that you wish to reconstruct: To reconstruct a private Key, you must have its associated public Key on your keyring. If you dont have a copy of your public Key, you might try downloading it from a Keyserver, such as your PGP Universal Server or the PGP Global Directory. Otherwise, contact your administrator to obtain a copy of your public Key Now click the Keys menu andclick Reconstruct: Answer 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, then click OK: The answers are case sensitive, and must be entered precisely as they were when you first sent them to the server. If you are certain that nobody can see your screen, you might want to check the box labeled Show Keystrokes, so that you can verify your answers. After you have answered 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, you must enter and confirm a new passphrase for your private Key , then click OK: When you are notified that Key reconstruction was successful, click OK: 2.Securing Email Messages When PGP Messaging is enabled, you will find that PGP will begin encrypting your E-mail accounts by default. This will occur when you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop 9.x, and you send/receive E-mail. If you are communicating with other PGP users through E-mail PGP Desktop can automatically encrypt and sign Messages to PGP users depending on the policies that have been set within PGP Desktop under the Messaging section. PGP Desktop does configure default policies if you do not wish to create your own. These default encryption policies will be reviewed in Section 3 of this document. New encryption policies will be described in Section 4 of this document. Enable PGP Messaging PGP Messaging is enabled by default during installation. However, if you disabled PGP Messaging during installation, there are two ways to enable this feature. They are as follows: Locate the PGP Desktop icon (padlock) in the system tray. Click the PGP Desktop padlock and click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Open PGP Desktop through the Programs/All Programs menu and select the Tools menu. Click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Assign a PGP Key to a PGP Messaging Service PGP Messaging requires a PGP Key to secure the E-mail account(s). To assign a key to a messaging service for the first time, do the following: When you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop, PGP will display the E-mail Account Detected window after sending/receiving mail. Select Yes, secure this E-mail account, and then click Next. You may select one of many key sources. If you created a key pair during installation, then generally, the option you would select is PGP Desktop Key. You can also create a new key pair, or import a previously exported key pair. After choosing the source, click Next. Highlight the key to be used for this E-mail account and click Next. Click Finish. You are now ready to encrypt mail through this E-mail account and proceed with section 3. Review Default E-mail Encryption Policies Two encryption policies are set by default. These policies are: Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential. This policy specifies that any message flagged as confidential in your E-mail client or containing the text [PGP] in the subject line must be encrypted to a valid recipient public key or it cannot be sent. Opportunistic Encryption. Specifies that any message for which a key to encrypt cannot be found should be sent without encryption (in the clear). Having this policy the last policy in the list ensures that your Message will always be sent, albeit in the clear, even if a key to encrypt it to the recipient cannot be found. Do not put Opportunistic Encryption first in the list of policies (or anywhere but last, for that matter) because when PGP Desktop finds a policy that matches, and Opportunistic Encryption matches everything, it stops searching and implements the matching policy. So if a policy is lower on the list than Opportunistic Encryption, it will never be implemented. The list of policies is read from the top down, so be sure to put Opportunistic Encryption last in the list. The default policies Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential and Opportunistic Encryption cannot be modified or deleted, but they can be disabled. Create New E-mail Encryption Policies If you would like to create additional encryption policies, the steps to do so are described as follows: Open PGP Desktop. Locate the PGP Messaging control box on the left. This will display different configured services and the Messaging Log options. Within the PGP Messaging control box, select a configured service (e.g. [emailprotected]/* */). The settings for the service appear in the PGP Messaging work area, including the list of existing security policies. This is the right hand pane. Click New Policy in the PGP Messaging Control box OR pull down the Messaging menu and click New Messaging Policy. After the Message Policy dialog appears, enter a description of the policy in the top field offered. Specify the conditions to be met and the action to be performed. Specify a course of action to take if the recipient key is not found. For detailed descriptions of the available conditions and actions, please refer to your PGP Desktop Users Guide (.pdf). This is located in StartProgramsPGPDocumentation. Policies are applied in the order that they are listed. You can change the order by highlighting the policy you wish to move and clicking the up or down arrow at the bottom of the Security Policies window to move it. Understanding the PGP Messaging Log The PGP Messaging Log, located in the PGP Messaging control box, is instrumental in describing the actions taken by PGP Messaging in processing E-mail . View Log For: This item at the top left will allow you to view the logs of the current day or up to seven days past. Just select the day you wish to view. View Level: This option in the upper right will allow you to view logs related to general information, warnings, error Message , and may even be set to verbose for greater detail of each item previously mentioned. Saving Daily Log If you wish to save the log file for a specific day, display the correct day and click Save at the bottom of the Messaging Log work screen. Specify the location to save the file and click Save again. Shred Log Use the Shred Log option to clean the contents of the Messaging Log for the currently displayed day. 3.Securing Instant Messaging AIM sessions between two systems running PGP Desktop 9.x are protected automatically when PGP Desktop 9.x is installed and the PGP AIM Proxy is enabled. Both AIM users MUST have PGP Desktop 9.x installed for the session to be encrypted. It is not sufficient that one user have PGP Desktop installed. Both must have the AIM Proxy enabled. Both users also have to be added to the buddy list in the AIM settings. Enable PGP AIM Proxy The PGP AIM Proxy is enabled by default if the option was not unchecked during installation. If the proxy is disabled, there are two ways to enable it. These methods are as follows: Click on the PGP Desktop padlock in the system tray. Click Use PGP AIM Proxy. The option will have a check by it when enabled. Open PGP Desktop through StartProgramsPGP menu. Pull down the Tools menu, and click Use PGP AIM Proxy. How to Know the Session is Encrypted When the option is enabled you should see an alert in the system tray which states PGP Desktop Secured AOL Instant Messenger session for [screen name] has started. Additionally, other users will see a padlock next to your screen name. You. will see in the conversation a note that the conversation is being encrypted by PGP Desktop. Solution Task-2 a) Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. W hen TCP/IP was designed in the early 1980s, security was not a primary concern. However, in the years since their inception, the lack of security in the TCP/IP protocols has become more of a problem. The widespread use and availability of the TCP/IP protocol suite has exposed its weaknesses. Presented here are a number of well-known vulnerabilities of both TCP/IP itself, and of some protocols commonly used along with TCP/IP (such as DNS). TCP SYN attacks IP Spoofing Sequence Guessing Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Desynchronization during connection establishment Desynchronization in the middle of a connection Routing (RIP) attacks ICMP attacks DNS attacks The lack of unique identifiers a) TCP SYN attacks In an Internet environment, high message latency and loss are not uncommon, resulting in messages that arrive late or in nonsequential order. The TCP half of TCP/IP uses sequence numbers so that it can ensure data is given to the user in the correct order, regardless of when the data is actually received. These sequence numbers are initially established during the opening phase of a TCP connection, in the three-way handshake. SYN attacks take advantage of a flaw in how most hosts implement this three-way handshake When Host B receives the SYN request from A, it must keep track of the partially opened connection in a listen queue for at least 75 seconds. This is to allow successful connections even with long network delays. Figure: SYN Flooding b) IP Spoofing IP Spoofing is an attack where an attacker pretends to be sending data from an IP address other than its own [Morris85, Bellovin89]. The IP layer assumes that the source address on any IP packet it receives is the same IP address as the system that actually sent the packet it does no authentication. c) Sequence Guessing The sequence number used in TCP connections is a 32 bit number, so it would seem that the odds of guessing the correct ISN are exceedingly low. However, if the ISN for a connection is assigned in a predictable way, it becomes relatively easy to guess. This flaw in TCP/IP implementations was recognized as far back as 1985, when Robert Morris described how to exploit predictable ISNs in BSD 4.2, a Unix derivative [Morris85]. Figure :IP Spoofing via Sequence Guessing d) Source Routing Another variant of IP spoofing makes use of a rarely used IP option, Source Routing. Source routing allows the originating host to specify the path (route) that the receiver should use to reply to it. An attacker may take advantage of this by specifying a route that by-passes the real host, and instead directs replies to a path it can monitor Although simple, this attack may not be as successful now, as routers are commonly configured to drop packets with source routing enabled. Figure : Source Routing Describe the following technologies: 1) SSL (Secure Socket Layer) 2) IPSec (IP Security) 3) Kerbaros Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol was developed by Netscape Communications, and enables secure communication over the Internet. SSL works at the transport layer of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which makes the protocol independent of the application layer protocol functioning on top of it. SSL is an open standard protocol and is supported by a range of both servers and clients. SSL can be utilized for the following: Encrypt Web traffic using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). When HTTP is utilized together with SSL, it is known as HTTPS. SSL is generally utilized to authenticate Web servers, and to encrypt communications between Web browsers and Web servers. Encrypt mail and newsgroup traffic. SSL provides the following features for securing confidential data as it transverses over the Internet: Authentication Data integrity Data confidentiality through encryption The SSL handshake process is described below: The client initiates the SSL handshake process by sending a URL starting with the following: https:// to the server. The client initially sends the Web server a list of each encryption algorithm which it supports. Algorithms supported by SSL include RC4 and Data Encryption Standard (DES). The client also sends the server its random challenge string which will be utilized later in the process. The Web server next performs the following tasks: Selects an encryption algorithm from the list of encryption algorithms supported by, and received from the client. Sends the client a copy of its server certificate. Sends the client its random challenge string 2. IPSec (IP Security) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or Packet processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the application layer of the communications model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user computers. IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the ISAKMP/Oakley protocol. Security architecture IPsec is implemented by a set of cryptographic protocols for (1) securing packet flows,mutual authentication and establishing cryptographic parameters. The IP security architecture uses the concept of a security association as the basis for building security functions into IP. A security association is simply the bundle of algorithms and parameters (such as keys) that is being used to encrypt and authenticate a particular flow in one direction. Therefore, in normal bi-directional traffic, the flows are secured by a pair of security associations. Kerberos : Kerberos is An Authentication Service for Computer Networks. When using authentication based on cryptography, an attacker listening to the network gains no information that would enable it to falsely claim anothers identity. Kerberos is the most commonly used example of this type of authentication technology. Modern computer systems provide service to multiple users and require the ability to accurately identify the user making a request. In traditional systems, the users identity is verified by checking a password typed during login; the system records the identity and uses it to determine what operations may be performed. The process of verifying the users identity is called authentication. Password based authentication is not suitable for use on computer networks. Passwords sent across the network can be intercepted and subsequently used by eavesdroppers to impersonate the user. While this vulnerability has been long known, it was recently demonstrated on a major scale with the discovery of planted password collecting programs at critical points on the Internet . Authentication, Integrity, Confidentiality, and Authorization Authentication is the verification of the identity of a party who generated some data, and of the integrity of the data. A principal is the party whose identity is verified. The verifier is the party who demands assurance of the principals identity. Data integrity is the assurance that the data received is the same as generated. Authentication mechanisms differ in the assurances they provide: some indicate that data was generated by the principal at some point in the past, a few indicate that the principal was present when the data was sent, and others indicate that the data received was freshly generated by the principal Solution Task-3 rock-solid for years. Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX UNIX is an operating system which was developed by Bell Labs, which was a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph company. UNIX was written to run the computers which control telephone switches, and is designed to use the least amount of memory possible. As far as I know, there is no Graphical User Interface, or GUI, available for use with UNIX. Widows is an operating system designed by Microsoft, and is made to be used as a GUI. The early versions of Windows, up through Windows 2000, used Microsoft Disc Operating System, or MS-DOS, to carry out the commands initiated by pointing at an icon and clicking on it. Windows XP uses a new operating system, NT, which was also designed by Microsoft, to carry out those commands. A Windows user uses a mouse to point at icons, select them, and open them. These operations are performed without having to enter any code into the computer, because the program generates the code when the mouse is clicked on the icon. UNIX requires that the user input code to perform any operation, and this code usually includes address specifications, processing instructions, and and output address specifications. Difference between Windows and UNIX web hosting Windows and UNIX are in fact two different systems and of course we are But Windows servers have also its positive sides, they are compatible with Microsoft applications, and fully support Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Access and MS SQL, they also offer advance-programming environments and features such as Active Server Pages (ASP), the ASP.NET framework, Visual Basic Scripts, MS Index Server, Macromedias and Cold Fusion. Windows operating system require little or no experience in web development to get advanced features working very quickly because of better graphical user interface (GUI) Software such as Microsofts FrontPage is specially developed for the webmaster to decrease the website development time and efforts. Lets go back again to UNIX, they support FrontPage, Flash, Shockwave, Real Audio/Video, Cgi Scripts, Perl, PHP, SSH (Secure Telnet), MySQL, Web-Based Control System, Anonymous FTP, Web Site Graphical Statistics, Web-Based Email System, Miva/XML, Cold Fusion Perl, JAV A, PHP, C, C++, Miva, Shell Access and other wide verity of feature like Telnet and SSH that provides lots of flexibility and freedom in managing file and directories, but some of this require advance knowledge of Unix commands in order for you to customize the scripts to match your website needs. Because of the nature of UNIX, (open source) and the people who love it, there is on the WWW freely available software and scripts, again bringing the cost down. Concluding which one is the best, it really depends what you need, if you need high uptime, security and not so expensive then go with UNIX, if you need to run Windows applications like, MS Access or the MS SQL SERVER then Windows is your choice. Difference between Windows and UNIX programming cultures This post on Slashdot links to an article on comparison between UNIX and Windows programming cultures. However, it mostly talks of how the problem of usability is approached. Id like to take a different tack, in the difference between the API of the two systems. Windows APIs are huge. In the Microsoft world, everything seems to end up being part of the core OS services somehow. This has the advantage that you dont need to expect people to have such-and-such library. Or does it? Changes to what is the core between OS versions make compatibility somewhat nightmarish; youre never quite sure what libraries are there or not. Writing installers is a mess. MSI helps, but not if theres no MSI package for the libraries. Another side-effect of this is that Windows programmers are always learning a zillion new things. Win32 services. COM. COM+. .NET. DNA. TAPI. The list goes on and on. Many of those APIs do the exact same thing, so learning the new one is only needed because the old one becomes obsolete. Its hard to stabilize such a huge API. Core Win32 APIs have no consistent reporting. OK, this drove me up the wall when I was coding on that platform. Does the MoveWindow() return NULL or INVALID_HANDLE on error? How about CreateFile()? And whats up with the ridiculous conventions for WaitForMultipleObjects()? Sure, GetLastError() is there, but so many APIs set this (including, say, MessageBox()) that many programs end up reporting an error as The operation completed successfully. UNIX APIs tend to return ints, -1 on error with errno set, a positive integer otherwise. Period. Windows SendMessage is stupid. Granted, with MFC and such, you dont need to look at it as much. But whats the big idea of passing two parameters of a known bit-width for every message? Why not pass a void* pointing to a different struct for each message? The result: huge pain when porting from Win16 to Win32, and another huge pain that will occur when porting from Win32 to Win64. No wonder they want to move to .NET. Compare to X-Window, which uses the void* approach, and you have to admit that SendMessage() and the WindowProc() conventions are mis-designed. Some Windows services are strangely tied to physical windows. For instance, many COM calls dont work if theres no window and no message loop. This is documented, but its a pain in the ass for multithreaded programming. Ditto for timers; IIRC theres no way portable to Win98 that lets you have a timer callback without a message loop. Compare to UNIX setitimer. UNIX threading is a mess. This has improved somewhat in recent years, but I still run into problems. Linux and glibc are the big culprits there. They have changed their threading strategies several time, and each time a glitch appears, we get a finger-pointing match between the kernel and glibc team. This is annoying to say the least. At least one widely-distributed Linux distro (RedHat 9) exhibits severe problems under load, due to bugs in the glibc that are partly made worse by the JDK. In my view, threading should be a kernel service (and Im not completely alone in this viewit seems the Linux kernel is moving more and more towards that model) and it should remain stable, dammit. Sure, you could do similar things with fork(), but thats not a reasonable approach with a GC runtime. In contrast, Win32 threading has been Differences between HIDS and NIDS Host Intrusion Detection (HIDS) This real-time monitoring device alerts the administrator when a specific event has occurred such as a new user being added or any abnormal usage patterns. Host intrusion detection software detect threats aimed at your critical hosts or servers. Network Intrusion Detection(NIDS) NIDS primary responsibility is to monitor, detect and identify malicious activity on a network. Once suspicious activity is detected, an alert is generated for each activity. Comparative analysis of HIDS vs. NIDS Function HIDS NIDS Comments Protection on LAN **** **** Both systems protect you on your LAN Protection off LAN **** Only HIDS protects you when you are off the LAN Ease of Administration **** **** The admin of NIDS and HIDS is equal from a central admin perspective. Versatility **** ** HIDS are more versatile systems. Price *** * HIDS are more affordable systems if the right product is chosen. Ease of Implementation **** **** Both NIDS and HIDS are equal form a central control perspective Little Training required **** ** HIDS requires less training than NIDS Total cost of ownership *** ** HIDS cost you less to own in the long run Bandwidth requirements on (LAN) 0 2 NIDS uses up LAN bandwidth. HIDS does not. Network overhead 1 2 The NIDS has double the total network bandwidth requirements from any LAN Bandwidth requirements (internet) ** ** Both IDS need internet bandwidth to keep the pattern files current Spanning port switching requirements **** NIDS requires that port spanning be enabled to ensure that your LAN traffic is scanned. Update frequency to clients **** HIDS updates all of the clients with a central pattern file. Cross platform compatibility ** **** NIDS are more adaptable to cross platform environments. Local machine registry scans **** Only HIDS can do these types of scans. Logging *** *** Both systems have logging functionality Alarm functions *** *** Both systems alarm the individual and the administrator. PAN scan **** Only HIDS scan you personal area networks. (unless you have the $ to get a NIDS for your home) Packet rejection **** Only NIDS functions in this mode. Specialist knowledge *** **** More knowledge is required when installing and understanding how to use NIDS from a network security perspective. Central management ** *** NIDS are more centrally managed. Disable risk factor * **** NIDS failure rate is much higher than HIDS failure rate. NIDS has one point of failure. HIDS and NIDS Advantages: HIDS Advantages: The primary advantage of NIDS is that it can watch the whole network or any subsets of the network from one location. Therefore, NIDS can detect probes, scans, malicious and anomalous activity across the whole network. These systems can also serve to identify general traffic patterns for a network as well as aid in troubleshooting network problems. NIDS also is not able to understand host specific processes or protect from unauthorized physical access. NIDS Advantages: HIDS technology does not have the benefits of watching the whole network to identify patterns like NIDS does. A recommended combination of host and network intrusion detection systems, in which a NIDS is placed at the network border and an HIDS is deployed on critical servers such as databases, Web services and essential file servers, is the best way to significantly reduce risk. Solution Task-4 How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. b. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. c. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. A buffer overflow occurs when a program or process tries to store more data in a buffer (temporary data storage area) than it was intended to hold. Since buffers are created to contain a finite amount of data, the extra information which has to go somewhere can overflow into adjacent buffers, corrupting or overwriting the valid data held in them. Although it may occur accidentally through programming error, buffer overflow is an increasingly common type of security attack on data integrity. In buffer overflow attacks, the extra data may contain codes designed to trigger specific actions, in effect sending new instructions to the attacked computer that could, for example, damage the users files, change data, or disclose confidential information. Buffer overflow attacks are said to have arisen because the C programming language supplied the framework, and poor programming practices supplied the vulnerability. In July 2000, a vulnerability to buffer overflow attack was discovered in Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express. A programming flaw made it possible for an attacker to compromise the integrity of the target computer by simply it sending an e-mail message. Unlike the typical e-mail virus, users could not protect themselves by not opening attached files; in fact, the user did not even have to open the message to enable the attack. The programs message header mechanisms had a defect that made it possible for senders to overflow the area with extraneous data, which allowed them to execute whatever type of code they desired on the recipients computers. Because the process was activated as soon as the recipient downloaded the message from the server, this type of buffer overflow attack was very difficult to defend. Microsoft has since created a patch to eliminate the vulnerability. (b) Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. A Hybrid Method of Defense against Buffer Overflow Attacks: (1) Stack Guard : The Stack Guard compiler is the most well known dynamic method of defense against buffer overflows attacks. It is designed to detect and stop stack based buffer overflows attacks targeting the return address on the stack. It guards the return address by placing a dummy value (canary value) between the return address and the stack data just before transferring control to a function. StackGuard protection can be subverted if the attacker can guess the dummy value, or by abusing a pointer to the return address. (2) Stack Shield: This is a compiler patch for GCC , which is also based on the idea of protecting the return address on the stack. It implements three types of protection; two of them defend against overwriting of the return address and one against overwriting of function pointers. It basically implements all of them using auxiliary stacks or global variables to maintain copies of the original contents i.e. contents before function calls and then compares the respective contents before returning control, to determine if the return address or function pointers have been tampered with. (3) Propolice : Propolice is a GCC patch [7] that is perhaps the most sophisticated compiler based protection mechanism. It borrows the idea of protecting the return address with canary values from StackGuard. Additionally it protects stack allocated variables by rearranging the local variables so that character buffers are always allocated at the bottom, next to the old base pointer, where they cannot be over flown to harm any other local variables. (4) Libsafe/Libverify : This tool is similar to the solution proposed in this paper as it also provides a combination of static and dynamic protection. Statically it patches exploitable buffer manipulations functions in standard C library. A range check is done by a safe wrapper function before proceeding with the actual operation, which ensures that the return address and the base pointer cannot be overwritten.. (5) LibsafePlus: This is a newly developed tool for runtime buffer Overflow protection. The idea of their protection method is similar to that presented in this paper; that is they first collect the size information of buffers in the program and then use it to detect overflows via function call interception as in Libsafe. They use a tool called TIED: Type Information Extractor and Depositor. (c) Describe at least THREE C++ functions : Canary-based defenses. Non-executing stack defenses. Other approaches. Canary-based defenses Researcher Crispen Cowan created an interesting approach called StackGuard. Stackguard modifies the C compiler (gcc) so that a canary value is inserted in front of return addresses. The canary acts like a canary in a coal mine: it warns when something has gone wrong. Before any function returns, it checks to make sure that the canary value hasnt changed. If an attacker overwrites the return address (as part of a stack-smashing attack), the canarys value will probably change and the system can stop instead. This is a useful approach, but note that this does not protect against buffer overflows overwriting other values. 2. Non-executing stack defenses Another approach starts by making it impossible to execute code on the stack. Unfortunately, the memory protection mechanisms of the x86 processors (the most common processors) dont easily support this; normally if a page is readable, its executable. A developer named Solar Designer dreamed up a clever combination of kernel and processor mechanisms to create a non-exec stack patch for the Linux kernel; with this patch, programs on the stack can no longer be normally run on x86s. It turns out that there are cases where executable programs are needed on the stack; this includes signal handling and trampoline handling. Trampolines are exotic constructs sometimes generated by compilers (such as the GNAT Ada compiler) to support constructs like nested subroutines. Solar Designer also figured out how to make these special cases work while preventing attacks. 3. Other approaches There are many other approaches. One approach is to make standard library routines more resistant to attack. Lucent Technologies developed Libsafe, a wrapper of several standard C library functions like strcpy() known to be vulnerable to stack-smashing attacks. Libsafe is open source software licensed under the LGPL. The libsafe versions of those functions check to make sure that array overwrites cant exceed the stack frame. However, this approach only protects those specific functions, not stack overflow vulnerabilities in general, and it only protects the stack, not local values in the stack. Their original implementation uses LD_PRELOAD, which can conflict with other programs. (d) ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow: Preventing Buffer Overflows Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are the result of poor input validation: they enable an attacker to run his input as code in the victim. Even when care has been taken to validate all inputs, bugs might slip through and make the application insecure. This article presents the various options available to protect against buffer overflows. These methods either check for insecure function calls statically, look for overflow during runtime dynamically or prevent execution of code on the stack. Non-executable stack: In this method the stack is configured not to hold any executable code. Kernel patches are available for both Linux and Solaris for configuring a non-executable stack. Data execution prevention in Windows XP and 2003 also protect the stack against buffer overflow. This method protects against stack-based buffer overflow attacks. Static Analysis: In static analysis the source code is parsed for dangerous library calls and race conditions to detect potential buffer overflows. Functions like strcpy and sprintf are vulnerable to buffer overflows, so source code scanners are used to look for incorrect use of these functions. RATS and SPLINT are two such tools; however static analysis is riddled with false positives. Dynamic runtime protection: Buffer overflow conditions are detected during the actual running of the program in this method, and an attack thwarted. Different techniques of dynamic runtime analysis are: Canary: When a function call is made, a canary is added to the return address; if a buffer overflow occurs, the canary will be corrupted. So, before returning to the parent function, the canary is checked again to see if it has been modified. Stack Guard uses this technique by implementing it as a patch to the GCC complier; this causes minimum performance delays. Free BSD also has a patch available to do this. Copying Return Address: In this method, the return address is saved separately; so even when a buffer overflow exploit overwrites the return address on the stack, it is set back to the original value when the function returns.

Taking a Look at Abortion - 632 Words

Abortion Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy. Many people have different opinions on abortion. Some believe that women have the constitutional right to termite an unwanted pregnancy and decide what they wish to do with their bodies. Others believe abortions aren’t the right choice to make when trying to end an unplanned pregnancy and they try to defend and protect the life of the fetus. For decade’s women have been seeking abortions, to them it seems like an acceptable way to end an unplanned pregnancy (abortion 1). Abortion can be performed three different ways but the most common way is surgically. In surgical abortion a metal or plastic suction tube is inserted into the uterus, the contents are then removed. A spoon like instrument can also be used to gently scrape the walls of the uterus (abortion 1). Another method used involves taking a medication developed in France called RU 486. When this medication is taken during the first seven weeks of pregnancy it causes the embryo to detach from the uterus, this medication is said to be safer and more economical than surgical abortion (abortion 2). The final method in which abortion can be performed is by injecting a salt or hormone solution into the uterus this causes the mother to have contraction. In this method the uterus may also be scraped to ensure that no tissue is left behind (Cassedy 61). A women’s main goal is to prevent unwanted pregnancies but access to birth control was very limitedShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Abortion1764 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy, whether it is naturally (miscarriage) or it can be induced, which is when a woman decides that she does not want to have a baby. Abortion takes place all over the world, for multiple reasons. It started nearly 200 years ago. The reason I chose this topic is because it is commonly debated about personally, I am pro-life. Or what other people may consider an â€Å"antiabortionist†. There are two different abortion types; medical surgical. A medical abortionRead MoreTaking a Look at Abortion869 Words   |  3 Pagesconcept of abortion, which is the removal of an embryo or a fetus from the inner body of women, through their uterus in order to end their pregnancy. Abortion can be seen as a very sensitive and controversial topic with many differing perceptions an d different arguments that are based on a variety of points. This essay will begin by discussing the emergence of abortion and its evolution, then will move on to analyze different perceptions and believes of individuals surrounding abortion. First evidenceRead MoreTaking a Look at Abortion Clinics719 Words   |  3 Pages Abortion clinics tend to center around women only and have the men sit in the waiting area while the female goes through the process for the abortion. Meanwhile, the men sit silently alone with no service alone with no service or counseling provided in the waiting area. Men should feel welcomed and having pamphlets or brochures to help educate them and learn to cope with healing process after and during the time the make a decision to go through with the abortion. Men should feelRead MoreAbortion : Pro Choice Or Pro Life1105 Words   |  5 PagesStephanie Haidul SC107A-OL Abortion: Pro-Choice or Pro-Life As of today, Abortion has not only been unethical way to prevent life, but every day is thought to be the reason why stem cell research hasn’t progressed as much as it has. Abortion not only makes stem cell research seem unethical, it shows how much curiosity a human has that could make it unethical. If abortion becomes an alternative to something that was apparently a mistake it would not only make doctors look bad, it could make other methodsRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of LifeNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion la ws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreOklahoma s Step Toward Change944 Words   |  4 PagesOklahoma’s Step Towards Change in Abortion Today, teen pregnancy is as high as ever. Shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"The Secret Life of an American Teenager† are centered on young girls’ journeys as teen moms, in hopes that viewers will become more aware about safe sex preventing teen pregnancy. Reducing teen pregnancy also reduces the rate of abortions. Teenagers are the ones who are most likely to get an abortion, since they are the ones that are the least prepared to be mothers. RegardlessRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1334 Words   |  6 PagesShanieqka Manuel Professor Rockette-Rogers English 1102 23 July 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal? In Gwendolyn Brooks’ poem â€Å"the Mother† the entire theme was based on abortion. A mother was not emotionally or mentally ready to have children, so she did what needed to be done; she aborted. This poem was written in 1945 and still today’s society still has objections on pro-choice. On January 22, 1973 the US Supreme Court ruled that abortion is a fundamental right that was guaranteed by the US Constitution. InRead MoreThe Constitutional Rights Of Abortion969 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is perhaps the most disputed issue in America today. There are nine states in the United States that do not have specific laws prohibiting abortion after a certain point of pregnancy. This means that an abortion can be performed at any time, despite how far along the pregnancy is. This controversial topic is viewed through public opinion, legislatures, and the courts. There are three main concerns that are discussed within this issue: the constitutional rights of both the woman and the fetusRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1077 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion has been one of the hottest debates for many years now. Abortion is the process of taking the life of an innocent unborn child resting harmlessly in their mothers womb. Abortion is known to be a sensitive topic, but like the conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro said, â€Å"Facts dont care about your feelings† (qtd. in Berrien). Pro-choice supporters deny the facts that abortion is wrong and disgusting. Abortion is an evil act and it should be made illegal. The most controversialRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Topic986 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion has always been a controversial topic in the United States for decades. Abortion is like taking the life of someone without their permission so it is technically â€Å"murder†. There is no such thing as an unwanted child, millions of families in the United States are always willing to adopt. On the other hand, there are circumstances where a woman can barely care and sustain herself so chances are that she will not be able to take care of her child. Or when a rape occurs, having an abortion

Astronomy and Japanese Myths Essay example - 1027 Words

Astronomy and Japanese Myths Throughout history different cultures have let astronomy shape their beliefs and customs. One such culture that has traditions rich in astronomy is the Japanese culture. Since I am half Japanese, I thought I would discuss some of the traditions found in Japanese culture. Further, I will explain how these aincient traditions and beliefs are still present in modern day society in Japan. I found some really great websites which I will use to write my essay. The first website focuses primarily on Japanese festivals/traditions and how astronomy plays a part in Japanese festivals/traditions. The Astrologers Union of Japan homepage is great, but the whole website is written in Japanese. Astroarts has a†¦show more content†¦The emperor loved his daughter and felt sorry for her...he arranged(where the idea of arranged marriage in Japan comes from?) for her to marry Kengyuu(Altair), a prince who lived across the river of heaven. As the marriage of Orihime Boshii and Kengyuu bl ossomed, Orihime Boshii neglected her weaving and this upset and worried her father. The emperor finally decided to separate the couple by means of the river of heaven, however, for one day out of the year(7th day of the 7th month) the couple would be allowed to be together. On that day a boatman(the moon) would ferry Orihime Boshii across the river to see her husband Kengyuu...the boatman would only come to ferry Orihime Boshii across the river of heaven if she had finished her weaving...id she had not finished her weaving it would rain and the river would be too flooded to cross by boat. The gods took compassion on Orihime Boshii and allowed for a group of Kasasagi(magpies) to fly into the milky way and make a magpie bridge for Orihime Boshii to cross over to the other side and see Kengyuu. Tanabata, the festival based on this legend is celebrated every year on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Japanese lunar calendar. 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Score of 2 or 1: †¢ AwardRead MoreEssay on Change Analysis Chart Postclassical (600-1450 C.E.)8730 Words   |  35 Pagesfertility-gt; built terraces to get silt from rivers -many settlements in areas suitable for agriculture Culture -priests developed written work -built upon Olmecs -studied math and astronomy -sophisticated calendars(eclipses of sun and moon) and system of writing -invented 0: combine math and astronomy to calculate 365 days in a year -Calendar:solar year(365 days: agricultural cycles), ritual year(260 days -position of day on both calendars predicted what would happen that day -tookRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesregarding their involvement with a particular organization. These different goals reflect different people’s particular interests and needs, goals that might conflict with one another. 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Much had been written about the Japanese method of managing, so General Motors asked Toyota to reopen and manage the Fremont plant. Most of the former U.S. autoworkers were rehired, and a new management team was put in place. Workers were exposed to training in high-involvement work practices

Iago Soliloquey Essay Free Essays

Iago’s soliloquy essay At the end of the first act in scene three Iago convinces Roderigo to go to Cyprus. Roderigo then exits, leaving Iago alone. This gives him the chance to express his thoughts through a soliloquy. We will write a custom essay sample on Iago Soliloquey Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of this soliloquy is to show that Iago is always plotting and to show what his plan is. Shakespeare ends the first act with it to put the audience on edge and go into the second act knowing that something bad is going to happen. Before, in his conversation with Roderigo, Iago was speaking in prose. However, now, in his soliloquy, he speaks in verse. Shakespeare does this to demonstrate Iago’s intelligence and implies that Roderigo is not clever or of high intellectual status. If the audience had their doubts about Iago’s dislike of Othello then â€Å"I hate the Moor† dispels such doubts. This phrase has an immediate impact because in a soliloquy a character will not lie; in previous conversation the audience cannot be certain if the duplicitous Iago is telling the truth. So, for the first time he reveals that he hates Othello with a passion. Or, on the contrary, Iago might be trying to convince himself that he really does hate Othello, which implies that Iago doesn’t, and has no good reason to do so. â€Å"And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets he’s done my office. I know not if’t be true†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦will do as if for surety† Here Iago does not know for sure if his wife is having an affair with Othello but will believe it because it serves his purpose. Again this supports the theory that Iago is trying to convince himself that he has a good reason to hate Othello when he actually doesn’t. Iago thinks that Othello is not suitable for Desdemona: â€Å"Cassio’s a proper man. † This implies that he thinks Cassio is more manly than Othello, and that people would be likely to believe in him as an adulterer. This also shows Iago to be racist because he thinks that a Moor is not a proper man. Later, he also describes Othello as gullible: â€Å"The Moor†¦ †¦thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. † The phrase â€Å"let me see now† shows that Iago is already plotting; he creates a clever plan spontaneously, while thinking out loud. This is evidence that Iago is clever. His character is very duplicitous, scheming and, above all, spiteful. If anyone did anything to upset him he would take it too far. Iago says Othello is foolish and easily led: â€Å"And will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are† This shows Othello is easily led as asses can be led by merely holding a tender part of the nose. Also this insults Othello calling him an â€Å"ass. † In Elizabethan times being compared to any kind of animal was considered insulting and rude, as then humans were considered the only proper race. In addition asses were considered to be stupid and comical. Thus comparing Othello to one is considered an insult. Furthermore, this implies that Iago knows that what he is doing is wrong and evil and yet he still goes through with it. This shows Iago to be evil. â€Å"I hate the moor† What did Othello do to him? He didn’t give Iago the job he wanted. Thus Iago decides to plot against him. This shows that Iago is spiteful and also jealous of Cassio (the man who got the job instead of him). â€Å"That he [Cassio] is too familiar with his [Othello] wife. this demonstrates that Iago is jealous because not only is he plotting against Othello but also against Cassio. Iago’s plan involves using Cassio’s status as a womaniser in order to get revenge. This could be perceived as jealousy of Cassio’s way with women, as well as creating a sense of poetic justice. To turn Cassio’s own success with women into a tool to bring him down shows Iago’s quick wit and cunning. This is also a shrewd method of dealing with two problems at once. The final rhyming couplet shows that Iago knows what he is doing is wrong: â€Å"Hell and night must bring this onstrous birth to the world’s light† The word â€Å"monstrous† was used by Iago to show that this plan is evil therefore he knows it is wrong and he shouldn’t do it. Also â€Å"hell and night† shows that this â€Å"birth† is worthy only to be delivered by Hell and night; both of which can be associated with evil, as in every religion good is represented by light and day, but bad is symbolized by dark and night. As Othello is black this could also be a reference to racism. By calling his idea a â€Å"birth† Iago is emphasising that it is his creation. This reveals that he is not ashamed by what he is about to do and that he might even be proud to lay claim to it. The soliloquy as a whole gives us many new insights into Iago’s character, intentions and abilities. It shows him to be deceitful, devious and intelligent; while the intended outcome of his plan reveals that he will stop at nothing to gain the success that he believes he has been cheated out of. Before this soliloquy, the audience may have suspected that his character was not as good as it seemed, but by the end of the act they can be in no doubt. How to cite Iago Soliloquey Essay, Essays

‘Open House’ By Theodore Roethke Essay Sample free essay sample

In some poesy. there is a mask of kinds. either which is used by the writer to project a certain visible radiation on what is being said in the verse form. or to acquire a certain significance across to the reader. The poet describes what others see. the bundle environing the thought behind it. In the instance of Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"Open House† . it would look that the writer is making rather the antonym. He is non merely portrayed to be honorable and upfront with his audience. but he is demoing that he is being distressingly unfastened and honest. In the 2nd stanza. the â€Å"nakedness† . or openness that he is demoing is an unintended mask. with the writer literally bespeaking that â€Å"nakedness is ( his ) shield† . The writer has made it rather clear that he is non able to cover his feelings up. and that the true. natural emotions he has are at that place for all to see. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Open House’ By Theodore Roethke Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other interesting point about this verse form is the rhyme strategy. The first two stanzas have a clear 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3 riming form. while in the last stanza. merely the first and 3rd lines rime. Looking at the words visually. they seem to travel together. but when read verbally. there is non any existent rimes between the stoping sounds of the words. There are rather a few poets who use the form of riming or non riming as a literary tool that helps to travel the verse form along at a certain rate. which better involves the reader as they go along with the words. This might be knowing. due to the increasing emotions which seems to be the most intense during the last two lines of the verse form. The verse form â€Å"Open House† can certainly be seen as non merely a beautiful piece of art. but besides can be interpreted as an intense emotional release for the writer. which even he says. â€Å"In rigorous linguistic communication strict and pure. † The writer goes through a scope of different emotions which are thought of as really intense. such as love. anguish. choler. fury. and is completed with torment. As the rubric intends. the audience is free to see the author’s emotions. and they are to be believed true. as there are a twosome of different mentions to this. one of which being. â€Å"The title will talk the truth. † . and the other saying â€Å"I halt the prevarication oral cavity. † This honestness merely adds to the emotion of this piece. doing it more personal for the writer. and for the audience which is reading the work.