Environment Management for Sustainable Development Oil and Fas Compan

Question: Talk about the Environment Management for Sustainable Development of Oil and Fas Companies. Answer: Foundation data The oil and gas organizations in UN is confronting a test identified with environmental change and a dangerous atmospheric devation (Davis and Diffenbaugh, 2016, pp.016001). The operational action like creation and consuming of petroleum derivatives is the key explanation related with climatic changes, which thus is answerable for chance including floods, the ascent in ocean level, and warmth waves. The referenced dangers are progressively intelligent particularly in the zones where these organizations are situated for extraction, having stores, and are occupied with refining their items (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). There is no uncertainty in the explanation that if the current operational exercises of oil and gas organizations are proceeded, a considerable lot of the countries over the globe will be sharing the possibility of extreme financial impacts that are resultant from climatic changes. Specifically, the administration association and corporates are probably going t o confront outcomes identified with billion dollar foundation. What's more, the future circumstance can likewise make a disturbance related with the creation and conveyance of vitality assets (Smith and Hayes, 2013). The issue of environmental change and a worldwide temperature alteration is to be sure a human-actuated wonder that prompts fast softening of ice sheet ice, varieties in the biological system, and obliteration and an abatement in the living spaces of numerous species. The disturbing issue was predicted in late 1988 when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was made under the program of United Nations Environment and World Meteorological Organization, which centers around the logical evaluation of the information on an Earth-wide temperature boost (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). In view of the report UN structure regular on climatic change, it is imperative to look for change exchange and activity that can help in lessening the human-action prompted sway on an unnatural weather change (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). Extent of present report Related to issues of an Earth-wide temperature boost and climatic change, it is significant for the oil and gas organizations to look for preoccupation of the vitality sources into sustainable power source. The methodology towards the reasonable improvement is consequently critical that can contribute towards the minimization of these effects on nature (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). The current report is therefore founded on a delineation of immediate and circuitous causes related with the a dangerous atmospheric devation in this manner determining the obligations of government, organizations, networks, and individual itself. Note this incorporates the discussion over usage of sustainable wellsprings of vitality like sunlight based, wind, and pressure driven vitality to item and supplies household and mechanical consumable energies. Similarly, the monetary and policy driven issues are additionally basic significance in dealing with the general usage methodologies. The issue of climatic change and a worldwide temperature alteration: Who is mindful? The significant level aggregation of carbon dioxide in the air go about as a cover that traps heat and is at risk for the warming of the planet. The expanded utilization of oil and gaseous petrol, consuming of non-renewable energy sources and chopping down backwoods adds to this carbon amassing that over-burdens the environment (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). Logical proof directs that expansion in worldwide normal temperature for more than 3.6 degrees (oF) contrasted with the pre-mechanical level is a genuine hazard to human wellbeing and characteristic environment (Smith and Hayes, 2013). In the course of the only remaining century, the worldwide normal temperature has expanded by 1 level (oF) that is liable for far reaching worldwide temperature, recorded. This is additionally joined by a diminishing in freezing days and increment in warm days (Smith and Hayes, 2013). While the record shows that some piece of the world are warming quicker than other, there exists an upward pattern is unambiguous in the drawn out worldwide perspective. It merits referencing that the a dangerous atmospheric devation can possibly change precipitation and snow design, dissolving of frosty ice, aggravation in the biological system, serious tempests, and increment in ocean level (Smith and Hayes, 2013). Activities were taken by oil/gas organizations and government/private associations As an individual, we have to make a move that can diminish the individual carbon discharge, for example, maintaining a strategic distance from the utilization of chloro-fluoro carbons and mist concentrates (Heidari and Pearce, 2016, pp.899). Then again, to address the worldwide danger, the interest activity is essential from political pioneers to help the far reaching atmosphere arrangements. Related to the operational exercises of oil and gas organizations, it is important to actualize a shrewd arrangement that depends on mechanical advances and accessible alternatives close by (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). The prime goal of these savvy arrangements is to diminish the emanation that adds to warm catching into the air. These measures incorporate Growing the utilization of sustainable power source and changing the vitality framework that is more clean. Staying away from reliance on coal and petroleum derivatives to lessen the carbon emanation. A methodology from coal to gaseous petrol move is commendable (Pfeiffer and Hepburn, 2016, pp.201). Building clean vitality economy, which is conceivable with interest in vitality proficient innovations and techniques (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). Setting a lesser number of carbon emanation units. Different ways to deal with government and private association that are essential include: Setting a breaking point on carbon emanation sum that the polluters are permitted to discharge. Lessening the tropical deforestation (Pfeiffer and Hepburn, 2016, pp.201). Expanding the vehicle fuel efficiencies and other arrangement that can lessen the oil use (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). Preferred position and detriment related with moving to sustainable wellspring of vitality As indicated by Paris 2015 UN environmental change gathering, nations have presented their arrangements to control the ozone harming substance discharge that accentuation on the means that can be executed by oil and gas organizations (Lybk, Hansen and Andersen, 2016, pp.65). The obligations of these organizations are in this way lined up with two prime goals (Thornton, 2014, pp.3313): Diminish the utilization of non-renewable energy sources and oils and making a move towards sustainable power source Supplementing the vitality prerequisite over the globe with negligible effect on climatic hazard. The key difficulties that are related with these prerequisites include: An adjustment in the foundation that utilizes sustainable power source gracefully, for example, close planetary system, wind vitality, and power produced from pressure driven units. Change in the work technique with the end goal that innovative help can bolster the difference in vitality sources (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg, 2014, pp.748). Making a move from coal to petroleum gas that can diminish roughly 50% of carbon dioxide and completely zero level methane gas discharge (Stigka, Paravantis, and Mihalakakou, 2014, pp.100). Executing solid business impact with the presentation of worldwide carbon evaluating strategy. Organizations like BG gathering, Royal Dutch Shell, Eni, Statoil, and BP have just executed inward carbon cost of $50/ton that thus had decreased portion of the outflow (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg, 2014, pp.748). Carbon catch and capacity framework is another methodology that rouses the carbon cost just as offer reasonable clean vitality portfolio to the organizations. The significant test in the referenced methodology incorporates cost thought and execution of progress in the work strategy (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). It is significant for the organizations to settle on coordinated effort and joined choice for the modern practices that thusly should be founded on monetary thought and life pattern of fuel (O'Driscoll and O'Donnell, 2013, pp.53). Basic case of these measures can be accounted dependent on underneath referenced focuses (Chaubey, Sahu, James and Maity, 2013, pp.443): Shell Company have bolstered the framework change to control carbon dioxide discharge with making the economical methodology in four key territories. These incorporate biofuels, carbon catch and capacity, utilization of gaseous petrol, vitality effectiveness. ExxonMobil Company has diminished their operational system that thus decreases 40% of carbon emanation. The perfect fuel venture empowers a decrease in 98% of sulfur level inside the diesel and gas flexibly. English Petroleum bolsters the spotless and effective arrangements of lower carbon limit executed by EU. The operational method remembers a change for flaring and venting arrangement that add to lessens carbon discharge. Moreover, the carbon cost of their venture examination is likewise a down to earth The benefit of actualizing these change is clear as far as diminishing the carbon discharge and commitment towards the ozone depleting substance amassing in nature. The adjustment in the climatic condition significantly affects the modern technique and prerequisite. In this manner an adjustment in the working procedure and a move in the utilization of vitality sources falls inside the extent of Environmental Protection Agency - cleaner power strategy (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir, 2014, pp.499). The referenced changes and other cutting edge steps are important to be taken by the oil and gas organizations, as in light of the fact that they have riches just as experience to handle such issue on huge building. Will the economical methodology of oil and gas organizations can possibly get move cash? Decreasing the utilization of oil and other pertinent change in the operational movement can make the significant expense the buyers. The basic strategies, for example, carbon duty and emanation control related carbon cost have the capability of expanding the fuel/oil cost. The conceivable arrangement is to screen the expense and controls the cost of fuel creation by the administration (Aghaei and Alizadeh, 2013, pp.64). Similarly, the oversee

Philosophy Afrterlife Reformation Essay

The old scholars of Greek and Rome for the most part accepted the world to be everlasting, which means, that the world had no start, and accordingly, it can never have an end, as well. The individuals who had contemplated about the causes of life here on earth, and about existence after this current presence closes, have been isolated into numerous factions and classifications. For the Stoics [1] our universe experiences the moving courses of extension and withdrawal in ceaselessness †from fire the universe ventures into cooler and denser structures, contracts again so as to become fire, etc in an endless style. To the supporters of Aristotle, agreeing the writer Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know,â â€Å"this universe of our own has consistently existed and consistently will, and God didn't make this world.†(90) Yet, even the adherents of Aristotle, were partitioned the extent that their assessments went. Jostein Gaarder gives as much in Sophie’s World by demonstrating that to a select number of these Aristotelians the world â€Å"†¦is like a major perfect timing machine in which after an extremely long stretch all the parts return to similar positions, and a similar arrangement of occasions at that point happens once more, again and again unceasingly; people and their activities are a piece of the accuracy, so everything in mankind's history has just happened an unending number of times as of now, and will happen again an unbounded number of times in the future.† (67) Still in Gaarder’s Sophies World, we read that the early Christians and their confidence in the sacrosanct Scriptures accepted that their, â€Å"God made the world a generally brief timeframe prior, practices nonstop provision in mankind's history, and will in the end it, maybe not long from now, and lead an excellent bookkeeping. Eternal life will continue for ever, yet life on earth happens inside a fixed and moderately short time span, with a start, center, and an end.† (72) There is a Christian holy person in the individual of St. Augustine who, â€Å"†¦scorned the Stoic idea of the cheerful life as insufficient, and announced that in the following life genuine bliss will be found.† (45) Be that as it may, as per St. Augustine, â€Å"they didn't say much regarding what it would be like.† (46) St. Augustine went on further to compose that, â€Å"†¦it is as though they were substance to leave it to God †we can be certain that whatever is required to fulfill individuals will be provided.†(57) The Stoics, in the assessment of the said Christian holy person, â€Å"were very little keen on guessing about bliss in this life, in light of the fact that not every person can accomplish it, it isn't essential to accomplish, it isn't of much importance in examination with the joy of the following life.† (93)  In Robert Longman’s, Medieval Aristotelians, the writer composes that the medieval Aristotelians, â€Å"theorized about the joy of the following life, adjusting Aristotle’s thoughts for the reason: the joy of paradise comprises of natural information on God himself.† (385) Lastly, in St. Augustine’s own City of God, St. Augustine proposes that â€Å"the choose are the individuals who are foreordained to satisfaction in the following life.† (990)  â â â The logician, Rene Descartes deified the philosophical principle of, â€Å"I think, accordingly, I am.† In Dan Kaufman’s Divine Simplicity and the Eternal Truths in Descartes, we come to have a more prominent comprehension about the perspective on Descartes with respect to the great beyond of man. For Descartes, there is a God who is the author and man who is the formed and composite. [2] Descartes philosophizes that, â€Å"†¦ man’s life, demise, and eternal life is subject to the will, astuteness and comprehension of God.† (14) Hence, if this is thus, for Rene Descartes, in the event that God is the reason for man, at that point man relies upon God likewise, even in the matter of man’s passing. Rene Descartes had examined the idea of man and he had focused on the truth behind man’s distinguishableness. We can say that if, for Descartes, man is: brain and body, thought and expansion, and a bodily being who is accepted to be somebody who realizes that he exists in the event that he is slanted to the way toward deduction; at that point, it very well may be determined that man’s passing comes when man stops to think. The ‘I’ can't figure, the ‘I’ doesn't think, the ‘I’[ as of now referenced ] stops to think, for sure, the ‘I’ can no longer thinkâ€most critically and the ‘I’ can not pronounce anymore, â€Å" Therefore, I am†. Thus, from this suspension of thought, business as usual of man’s presence is the fate of this, â€Å"†¦he doesn't think, along these lines, he is not.† (99) actually, logically, the ‘he’ is no more, a ‘I’. Eternal life, we can pick up from perusing crafted by Descartes, would be, as indicated by this logician, a condition of being that is completely reliant on God’s will. Man no longer has a state in it, for he is not, at this point equipped for intuition. John Hobbes’s Leviathan bears a duality of natured qualities which stamp it with the sign of virtuoso. Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know talks about the Leviathan, finally, by portraying it thusly, â€Å"In the primary spot, it is a work of incredible innovative force, which shows how the entire texture of human life and society is developed out of straightforward components. Furthermore, in the subsequent spot, it is recognized by a wonderful intelligent continuity, so that there are not many places where any absence of lucidness can be identified in the thought.† (1001) Sulmner composes how it, â€Å"is genuine that the social request, as Hobbes presents it, delivers an impression of imitation; yet this is not really a complaint, for it was his intentional expect to show the stratagem by which it had been built and the threat which lay in any obstruction with the mechanism.† (1024) The creator goes on further to incorporate that, â€Å"It is valid, additionally, that the condition of nature and the implicit agreement are fictions made look like realities; at the same time, even to this protest, an answer may be produced using inside the limits of his [Hobbes’s] hypothesis. It is in his premises, not in his thinking, that the mistake lies. In the event that human instinct were as narrow minded and rebel as he speaks to it, at that point profound quality and the political request could emerge and prosper just by its restriction, and the option would be, as he portrays it, between complete instability and supreme force. Be that as it may, in the event that his perspective on man be mixed up, at that point the entire texture of his idea disintegrates. At the point when we perceive that the individual is neither genuine nor comprehensible separated from his social source and conventions, and that the social factor impacts his idea and intentions, the resistance among self as well as other people turns out to be less basic, the sudden choices of Hobbes’s considerations lose their legitimacy and it is conceivable to view ethical quality and the state as communicating the perfect and circle of human movement, and not as essentially the chains by which man’s boisterous interests are kept in check.† (1037) For Hobbes, as indicated by Sulmner, â€Å"for as long as the condition of nature suffers, life is unreliable and vomited. Man can't improve this state, yet he can receive in return; subsequently, the principal law of nature is to look for harmony and tail it; and, from this, rises the subsequent law, that, for harmony, a man ought to be happy to set out his entitlement to all things, when other men are, additionally, ready to do as such. From these two are determined all the laws of nature of the moralists. The laws of nature are permanent and eternal.† (1048). Thus, for Hobbes, eternal life, would be the experience of supreme departure from his current situation with life here on earth. Jostein Gaarder gives a section in Sophie’s World on how, â€Å"John Locke opened another path for English philosophy.† (261) Locke had designed his ways of thinking from those of Francis Bacon, Hobbes, and different progenitors of current way of thinking. Sophie’s World presents how, â€Å"Bacon had accomplished more: he had discovered threats and imperfections in the regular working of men’s minds, and had contrived intends to address them. Yet, Locke went above and beyond, and attempted an efficient examination of the human comprehension with the end goal of deciding something elseâ€namely, reality and assurance of information, and the grounds of conviction, on all issues about which men are prone to make assertions.† (262) In his way, Locke presented another technique for philosophical enquiry, which is, â€Å"now known as a hypothesis of information, or epistemology; and, in this regard, he was the forerunner of Kant and foreseen what Kant called the basic method.† (279)  Sophie’s World likewise gives us this information on how, â€Å"we have Locke’s own record of the birthplace of the issue in his brain. He struck out another way since he found the old ways blocked. Five or six companions were talking in his room, presumably in London and in the winter of 1670â€1, â€Å"on a subject remote from this†; the subject, as we gain from another individual from the gathering, was the â€Å"principles of ethical quality and uncovered religion†; however challenges emerged on each side, and no advancement was made. At that point, he proceeds to state, it came into my musings that we took an off-base course, and that before we set endless supply of that nature, it was important to inspect our own capacities, and see what protests our understandings were, or were not, fitted to bargain with.† (262) Once more, Leopold Sulmner in his book What Students of Philosophy Should Know expounds on Locke, â€Å"At the solicitation of his companions, Locke consented to set down his considerations on thi

Development of U.S Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advancement of U.S - Term Paper Example Hamilton recommended that, as the administration didn't have the cash accessible to purchase the stock, it could be lent to the legislature by the bank itself. In any case, Jefferson dismissed the thought on the premise that it would be unlawful, since the legislature didn't reserve the option to shape partnerships. This issues spoke to free against exacting development of the constitution. Jefferson’s contention was based around the contention that any activity not cherished in the constitution as in this way consequently unlawful. Hamilton, then again, took an increasingly liquid perspective on the constitution, contending that the administration holds the ability to make any move which isn't explicitly prohibited by the constitution. This view considers changes in the public eye since the composition of the constitution. So as to set up an ordinary wellspring of pay for the administration, Hamilton likewise set up the Tariff. This not just had the impact of expanding government income yet in addition of ensuring producing in the U.S. It was thusly huge as a protectionist strategy. This was to make a crack inside the Federalists. Then, the issue of national obligation, first exemplified in the foundation of the National Bank, was making progressively strain among Hamilton and Jefferson. Jefferson firmly accepted that open obligation and government getting was a revile in light of the fact that it would put a genuine budgetary strain on future citizens. In fact, he wished to see the constitution revised to evacuate the capacity of the administration to obtain. Hamilton, then again, accepted that open obligation could be a helpful device. He meant to utilize the cash produced through the duty to counterbalance the amazingly high obligation acquired from the old government by reissuing bonds. He likewise needed state obligation to be accepted by the administration, so as to additionally profit by levy income which was government. The tax, be that as it may, was

Boston Tea Party :: essays research papers

The Boston Tea Party was the key-occasion for the Revolutionary War. With this demonstration, the settlers began the fierce piece of the upheaval. It was the principal attempt of the pioneers, to revolt with savagery against their own administration. The accompanying occasions were made by the snowball impact. There, all the pilgrims understood the first run through, that they were dealt with wrong by the British government. It was a significant advance towards the freedom dream, which was resting in the leader of every homesteader. They all flew from their homeland to begin another life in another world, yet the British government didn't gine them the chance by controlling them. The reasons for the Boston Tea Party The occasions prompting the Boston Tea Party started effectively ten years before ( 1763 ), when the English won the French-and-Indian War. The lord of Britain passed burdens on the provinces to compensate for the loss of cash in view of the war. He did it in a line of ac ts, called the Sugar Act ( duty to ensure and make sure about the pioneers ) and the Stamp Act ( charge on all licenses, papers and business papers ). The pioneers responded with challenges those demonstrations, what made the British Parliament to cancel the duties inside 5 months. At that point they (the legislature ) passed burdens on lead, paint, paper and tea. These demonstrations were known as the Townshed Duties, however the pilgrims considered them the "Insidious Acts". Mass gatherings were held and individuals made an effort not to purchase English imported products any longer. At long last the parliament expelled all the assessments with the exception of tea. As a matter of fact the pioneers effectively would not like to acknowledge, to pay expenses to an administration, they don't generally have a place with any longer. In spite of the fact that this expense on the tea cost a pioneer family just pennies a year. Sam Adams, a sort of pioneer of the homestea ders, made sense of, that the duty could be raised or brought down by the parliament voluntarily. ( Sam Adams: "The capacity to burden is the ability to destroy!" ).He additionally brought up, that the settlers had no portrayal in the Parliament, and that they can't be burdened without having a portrayal in there, to think about their inclinations and wills. Be that as it may, the vast majority drank tea pirated in from the Netherlands, so they couldn't have cared less especially whether the parliament raises or brings down the assessments.

Which Nut Has More Energy Free Essays

Running Head; WHICH NUT Which Nut has More Energy? Aidan J. Flood Christ the King Many individuals ate peanuts, for example, pilgrims; the ones that investigated the states. They lived off of the kinds of nuts developed in the settlements. We will compose a custom article test on Which Nut Has More Energy or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now (The life and Times of a Peanut) Many individuals ate nuts, for example, pecans, peanuts, and almonds. The entirety of the nuts pack a huge amount of vitality inside. The testing was on which nut had more vitality. It is important to test or investigation with the intensity of a nut, so individuals know how much vitality each nut truly holds, so they know which one to purchase. So as to comprehend a nuts’ vitality, it is important to know the accompanying terms and equations. You may need to get vitality. Vitality is a usable warmth or force, powers a person or thing. You may need to know temperature, a proportion of the normal dynamic vitality of the particles in an example of issue, communicated as far as units or degrees assigned on a standard scale. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) BTU implies British warm units, it implies the amount of warmth required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 60 degrees Fahrenheit to 61 degrees Fahrenheit. I am utilizing 125 ml, a large portion of some water, which is equivalent 4. 17 ounces. The recipe that I have for vitality is, Energy= mass (125ml or a large portion of a cup, 4. 17 ounces) x expanded temp Mass of the nut x 1000 (nut as in pecan or nut) One is Celsius; Celsius is the sort of temperature estimation in pretty much every other nation aside from America. It was named after a space expert; he made the size of temperature. The other is Fahrenheit; Fahrenheit is for the most part utilized in the U. S. It is a scale temperature which water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and bubbles at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Presently for the things that are being tried, A Peanut is a little oval seed of South American plant, for the most part cooked, salted, and eaten as a tidbit. Likewise called a one seeded plant, developed on enormous ranches. A nut is a hard shelled, one seeded natural product like an oak seed or hazel nut. You will likewise need to realize what a chart is, a diagram is an outline that displays a connection between various arrangements of numbers and things. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) Many plants and harvests are developed naturally and inorganically with the goal that must be clarified as well. Natural implies that the plants or yields are developed normally without pesticides and any hurtful synthetic compounds. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) This really doesn’t influence the nut since it is hard shelled and no irritations can get in. Inorganic methods not made with any natural materials whatsoever and is ensured with man made things that are not constantly supportive to the earth. The plants are developed with pesticides and synthetic substances. Morgan D. Nagatani led a similar kind of trial in 2002. She imagined that the pecan would have the most vitality and it did. She stuck the needle into the nut and consumed it with a lighter, yet she utilized a little pail rather than a juice can. The pecan showed the most noteworthy BTU, with cashew in second (I didn't test the cashew), and the almond in third. These outcomes made me be progressively keen on for pecan . It had the most elevated in my trial. This additionally helped me clarify BTU, British Thermal Units, and it affected my investigation. There are a few things were seen in the trial that I learned. The pecan had the most vitality out of a wide range of nuts. Additionally individuals needed to recognize what Joules were and I found that they are likewise another estimation of vitality and warmth. Something that I saw was that when I was trying the base of the can would turn dark, so I had to know whether the residue on the base would impact the warmth that it emitted, and it did so I needed to clean the can after each preliminary. Numerous individuals expected the pecan as a result of its mass, and it was on the grounds that it was become inorganic in addition to exceptionally enormous so it can consume longer. In the past investigation the pecan likewise won the prize for nut with most vitality. It identifies with my investigation since it reveals to me which nut to hope to win. Step by step instructions to refer to Which Nut Has More Energy, Essay models

Using A Business Of Your Choice As An Example, Describing The

Using A Business Of Your Choice As An Example, Describing The Using A Business Of Your Choice As An Example, Describing The Components Of An Information System â€" Assignment Example > Institute Table of ContentsNumber range 1-31- Executive Summery In organizations like that the retail industry where minimization of the cost is crucial, enhanced communication approaches through more proficient communication technologies as well as information systems are very important in eventually enhancing responsiveness to consumers and maximizing customer value. This report presents a detailed analysis of the information system technology components at Woolworth’s business. Here I will outline some important aspects regarding the IS technology components such as hardware, software, databases, internal data communication / networking, external data communication / networking, managerial consideration, security consideration and ethical consideration. 2- Introduction The Australian supermarket business is in its highly grown stage of life cycle with high rivalry along with the two main players in this marketplace; Coles and Woolworths. The business of the Woolworths was sta rted in 1924 and presently established as a main marketplace leader by having over 40% of marketplace share. As viewing porter’s five forces model, the general business attractiveness is able to be considered low in conditions of fresh entrants as well as established corporation. Additionally, transformations in business technology, regulations and customer demographics have been the foremost moving forces in the business influencing competitiveness of corporation. In addition, the low cost arrangement, store locations, technology and client service have been important for the accomplishment of corporate in this business. Woolworths as an Australian supermarket business leader has been the main strength of new information technology based working and operational stature that is facilitating Woolworths to attain its basic economies of scale. However a main threat facing the corporation is the rising presence of global competitors in the marketplace. Additionally, low cost arrange ment and brand equity can be observed as fundamental competencies of Woolworths Business. Also Woolworths has paid a heavy attention on the supply chain management intended for the well-organized management of its value chain and its low cost arrangement and brand equity have helped a lot in establishing sustainability of the business. In case of establishment of the new technology (IS) based structure at the business of the Woolworths has presented a lot of business advantages (Woodhead, 2008) (Woolworths-1, 2010). In this scenario the business of Woolworths has attained a better competitive edge through web based supply chain and overall business IS and reporting systems. This report will present a detailed overview of the Woolworths business’s information technology components. 3- Woolworths Information Technology SystemsSince the establishment of Woolworths the corporate has attained a lot of business achievements these can be attaining a high peak position in the market and establishment of more effective information technology arrangement. Woolworths, is continuously improving its overall business information technology systems. Woolworths's senior company manager, Ian McDonald, has stated that business data integrity is important to the achievement of the EANnet based supply-chain program for business. He highlighted that Woolworths has dedicated to start channels of communication with its customers and suppliers using a range of channels. Additionally, the customers and suppliers of business have to be aware about the correct business information that is very important to the feasibility of Woolworths' new business inventory management systems (Woolworths-1, 2010). Woolworth’s two main corporate strategies have been unrelated diversification and tactical acquisitions and focuses on corporate cost leadership as well as discrimination in terms of customers in store experience like its business level policy. Woolworths cannot able to attain these objectives without an appropriate business technology. The new ecommerce supported information technology arrangement of the Woolworths has offered the business a more enhanced facility to make the business more capable to attain these objectives in the long run (Woodhead, 2008) (Woolworths-1, 2010).

Research and Descirbe Just-in-time Production Strategy - 825 Words

Research and Descirbe Just-in-time Production Strategy (Essay Sample) Content: Just-in-time Production Strategy Name Course Tutor Date Just-in-time Production Strategy In the dawn of modern economic and industrial revolution, companies and organizations managements are strategizing and designing business processes that will reduce operational costs and increase quality in production at the same time. The need to increase effectiveness in inventory management systems, increase staff involvement and effectual production of high quality products at significantly low production and operational cost has prompted organizations to adapt the Just in-time (JIT) industrial operational mechanism. JIT refers to a set of operation and production concepts and theories that focuses on low production cost, meeting consumer demands and quality, as well as incur zero production waste. Toyota recorded enormous advantages in the implementation of JIT. According to, implementation of JIT in the car manufacturing and assembling company leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness in production and management operations. Implementation of JIT strategies in Toyota increased organizational, interdepartmental, as well as inter-organizational communication and interaction. Integrated and efficient communication protocols between vendors and product distributors improved Toyota production operations. JIT production strategies significantly reduced Toyota n production cost through cutting down the cost of purchasing production materials and other operation expenses. Just in time delivery strategy promoted cooperation and collaboration of organizational departments, hence increased managerial and employee commitment and involvement in company operational strategies. The implementation of JIT harnessed time and resources in production by minimizing the amount of work and time in processing inventories, raw material and finished goods. I regard of these JIT strategic factors, Toyota Company gained momentum and acquired a large market share all attributed to the efficiency, low production cost, innovation and production of quality products (Forrester Bamford 2010 p.115). The implementation of JIT philosophy experienced diverse setbacks and limitations. For instance, Toyota Company suffered massive production delays due to inconsistency in the supply and delivery of raw materials due to unpredicted traffic issues. The implementation of JIT mechanism is vulnerable and susceptible to disruption and alteration in production n by catastrophes such as earthquakes and storms. For instances, the Hashim earthquakes significantly altered production in Toyota company due to affected deliveries to the facility. According to Widener, Kennedy Fullerton (2014), Successful implementation of JIT requires and involves massive consumption if time and resources in training employees as well as in the advancement of production processes and systems. Lean thinking in a production company entails focusing of on the valued addition of production and service delivery process hence meet customer satisfaction. Toyota Production Company in Japan applied lean thinking methodology in its operation and implementation of JIT. According to Rich Piercy (2015) methodology of lean thinking focused in the minimization of production cost by manipulating factors such as human resource and efforts, facilities and material cost, capita investment as well as enhancement of JIT in manufacturing, production, delivery and customer relations. The integration of lean thinking in production, demand and supply chain lies within the context of lowering production cost, improving quality in production and aiming at customer preferences and satisfaction. The goals and objectives of lean thinking in production operations can be achieved through facilitation of factors and principles such as: focusing on elimination of waste and maximizing on innovation, perfection and quality production. The Adoption and Implementation of JIT operation strategies in meeting organizational supply chain goals and objectives. This enhances production of goods and services in line with customers preferences and perceptions as well as facilitate on time delivery of services (Johnston Radnor 2013,p. 910) Lean thinking enables organizations to identify factors and objectives that create value in production in reference to customers perspectives. This leads to dynamicity and innovati1059on in production as well as increase value of production. Lean thinking in production also prompts companies to focus on value addition. The strategy also facilitates and improves the relationship among organiz...

Why Slavery Started in the Americas - 1247 Words

Freedom is defined in many different ways: The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint;Political or national independence; Personal liberty, as opposed to bondage or slavery.(Dictionary) When the Europeans first colonized North America, the land was wide in range, the work was unpleasant, and there was a severe shortage of labor. Europeans needed Men and women to work the land. Even though the white servants paid their way from Europe through contracted labor that did not solve the problem. During the early seventeenth century, the Dutch ship had loaded African slaves unto their ship and shipped them off to the New World. Slaves were most useful for large farms where cash crops, such as tobacco, would have been grown most. Slavery became unprofitable up North at the end of the American Revolution and started to slowly dye out. Slavery was a moment in history that made the African American culture strong as a race. If you wanted freedom, you have to fight for it. Mentally, Physically and Spiritually. It was given to no one freely. A slave is: a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. (Dictionary 2013) Solomon Northup was really a man who captured the true essences for fighting for his freedom. After being free for thirty years and having someone take his freedom was not going to cut it. After years of bondage, he came into contact with an outspoken abolitionist from Canada, who sent lettersShow MoreRelatedAmerican Slavery During The 17th Century1499 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Slavery in the 17th Century The struggles of African Americans in a fight for freedom and civil rights in the U.S. during the seventeenth century was tarnished with blood and destruction of African cultures and families. A struggle that is condescending to the reasons as to why the thirteen American colonies were established. The Founding Fathers of America built a nation with a mission that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed byRead MoreSlavery Issues Of Slavery Between North And South848 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Issues The issues of slavery between North and South was indirectly the cause of the beginning of civil war. Since the North changed their minds about the black population, they had a difficult time with the South, with they believe that Africans had to serve white people. So the problem between the North and South wasn’t something new, it was happening since the government was trying to prevent spread out of the slavery across America, as a result, South started to create, manipulate, andRead MoreHistory Is The Study Of Fast Event931 Words   |  4 Pageswhat people did to make this world beautiful. From this class or especially from my professor Amy Bell I learn that what written in the books are not all fact. Before I used to hate history subject because of date, but after taking history two I started to love to study different history books to know the fact. Especially I read the united states history books because I live here and want to know everything about where I lived. Wh at we read in a book is the writer view point according what theyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On America1353 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery in America had a tight hold over the southern half. It was primarily located in the southern portion and African American slaves were held on large plantations and out in the fields. Some were even leased into the industrializing factories. Ever since slavery in America started, slaves were considered property. Every black person was a white persons â€Å"property†. Now American had a belief, a belief that every man were entitled to God-given rights. The rights could not be stripped fromRead MoreSlavery Was The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery had an enormous impact economically and socially on America in the nineteenth century. First of all, producing and selling cotton affected America’s economy greatly. Secondly, slaves didn’t get paid any recurring fees like most citizens would have. Thirdly, t he south was so deeply rooted in agriculture that it limited industrial growth which may have made more profit. Fourth, America’s economy was significantly influenced by the American Civil War, which was instigated because of slaveryRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is Abraham Lincoln such an amazing person? Who is he? What did he do to change America for the better? Almost everyone should know about Lincoln. Lincoln was not the man everyone thought was fit for the job, they all thought he was less than what he was. Lincoln showed them that he is one of the best presidents America has had. There is a chance America could still have slavery in the country if Lincoln did not step in and start to end slavery. Lincoln was a big part of this countries historyRead MoreSlavery in the 1840s Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery was always a controversial issue in America. Many people saw slavery as an essential part of life in every aspect, while o thers saw it as immoral and an injustice to humanity. In the 1840s when Manifest Destiny started to thrive, things began to heat up. New territories meant a possibility for a new slave or free state in America. Because the new territories were allowed the right of popular sovereignty to determine whether they would have slaves or not, abolitionists and non-abolitionistsRead MoreSlavery in America941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America Does anyone know who really started slavery? Slavery first took place in North America, 1619 at a British colony of Jamestown Virginia† (Boles, John). 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Slaves were treated very badly from their owners, and they were forcedRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery In Soul By Soul By Walter Johnson1250 Words   |  5 PagesWhen referring to the history Antebellum America, the two things that shape our country are the expansion of slavery and the expansion of the Market Revolution. In the novel Soul by Soul, by Walter Johnson, the author exploits the effects of slavery on the people involved with slave trade in the south. It also shows the reader just how vital slavery is to the Market Revolution, and how the consumers culture, in turn, shaped personal identities. Both slavery an d the Market Revolution shaped presidential

PGP Desktop TCP - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6388 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Task-1:-PGPPage-5-To-14 Problem statement Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PGP Desktop TCP" essay for you Create order Download PGP Desktop software.. Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management .. 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging . c) Experiment and report on the remaining option available under the licence.. Task-2:- TCP/IP SecurityPage-15-To-20 Problem statement Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. Describe the following technologies: SSL (Secure Socket Layer).. IPSec (IP Security). Kerbaros.. Task-3:- Hardware and softwarePage-21-To-26 Problem statement Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX Differences between HIDS and NIDS Task-4:- Buffer overrunsPage27-To-32 Problem statement How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. Solution Task-1 Experiment with new installation using the following features: 1.Key management 2.Securing E-mail Messages 3.Securing Instant Messaging 1.Key management: Whenmanaged by a PGP Universal Server, PGP Desktop 9.x provides a secure recovery mechanism for private keys, called KeyReconstruction. As its name suggests, Key Reconstruction can be used to reconstruct (or restore) your private Key if you have forgotten its passphrase, or if you have deleted your private Key . To take advantage of Key Reconstruction, you send Key reconstruction data to a reconstruction server (a PGP Universal Server that is managing your PGP Desktop)while you stillhave your private Key and remember its passphrase. The reconstruction data for your private Key consists of five questions, that you may create, and five answers that only you know. After you have sent your reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you may reconstruct your private Key at any time by answering 3 of the 5questions correctly. If you have deleted your private Keyor forgottenits passphrase before sending reconstruction questions and answers to the server, you cannot regain your private Key using KeyReconstruction. If you need help understanding any of the concepts mentioned above, please read the following Crypto Concepts section. Otherwise, feel free to skip down and Reconstruct your private Key Crypto Concepts Private Key When you install PGP Desktop you are prompted to create a keypair, which is comprised of two related keys: a public Key and a private Key Your private Key is used for decrypting something that was encrypted using your related public Key, as well as generating digital signatures that can be verified using your public Key As its name suggests, your private Key. should be kept totally private, and should be protected by a strong passphrase. Key Reconstruction For detailed technical information about Key Reconstruction, please refer to the white paper Inside PGP Key Reconstruction (from the PGP Corporation White Papers). Reconstruct Your Private Key Click the PGP Tray lock icon in your system tray and then click Open PGP Desktop: Click the PGP Keys control box. Select the keyring that contains your Key Click the Key that you wish to reconstruct: To reconstruct a private Key, you must have its associated public Key on your keyring. If you dont have a copy of your public Key, you might try downloading it from a Keyserver, such as your PGP Universal Server or the PGP Global Directory. Otherwise, contact your administrator to obtain a copy of your public Key Now click the Keys menu andclick Reconstruct: Answer 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, then click OK: The answers are case sensitive, and must be entered precisely as they were when you first sent them to the server. If you are certain that nobody can see your screen, you might want to check the box labeled Show Keystrokes, so that you can verify your answers. After you have answered 3 of the 5 Key reconstruction questions correctly, you must enter and confirm a new passphrase for your private Key , then click OK: When you are notified that Key reconstruction was successful, click OK: 2.Securing Email Messages When PGP Messaging is enabled, you will find that PGP will begin encrypting your E-mail accounts by default. This will occur when you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop 9.x, and you send/receive E-mail. If you are communicating with other PGP users through E-mail PGP Desktop can automatically encrypt and sign Messages to PGP users depending on the policies that have been set within PGP Desktop under the Messaging section. PGP Desktop does configure default policies if you do not wish to create your own. These default encryption policies will be reviewed in Section 3 of this document. New encryption policies will be described in Section 4 of this document. Enable PGP Messaging PGP Messaging is enabled by default during installation. However, if you disabled PGP Messaging during installation, there are two ways to enable this feature. They are as follows: Locate the PGP Desktop icon (padlock) in the system tray. Click the PGP Desktop padlock and click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Open PGP Desktop through the Programs/All Programs menu and select the Tools menu. Click Use PGP E-mail Proxy. The option will have a black check mark next to it when it is enabled. Assign a PGP Key to a PGP Messaging Service PGP Messaging requires a PGP Key to secure the E-mail account(s). To assign a key to a messaging service for the first time, do the following: When you open your E-mail application for the first time after installing PGP Desktop, PGP will display the E-mail Account Detected window after sending/receiving mail. Select Yes, secure this E-mail account, and then click Next. You may select one of many key sources. If you created a key pair during installation, then generally, the option you would select is PGP Desktop Key. You can also create a new key pair, or import a previously exported key pair. After choosing the source, click Next. Highlight the key to be used for this E-mail account and click Next. Click Finish. You are now ready to encrypt mail through this E-mail account and proceed with section 3. Review Default E-mail Encryption Policies Two encryption policies are set by default. These policies are: Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential. This policy specifies that any message flagged as confidential in your E-mail client or containing the text [PGP] in the subject line must be encrypted to a valid recipient public key or it cannot be sent. Opportunistic Encryption. Specifies that any message for which a key to encrypt cannot be found should be sent without encryption (in the clear). Having this policy the last policy in the list ensures that your Message will always be sent, albeit in the clear, even if a key to encrypt it to the recipient cannot be found. Do not put Opportunistic Encryption first in the list of policies (or anywhere but last, for that matter) because when PGP Desktop finds a policy that matches, and Opportunistic Encryption matches everything, it stops searching and implements the matching policy. So if a policy is lower on the list than Opportunistic Encryption, it will never be implemented. The list of policies is read from the top down, so be sure to put Opportunistic Encryption last in the list. The default policies Require Encryption: [PGP] Confidential and Opportunistic Encryption cannot be modified or deleted, but they can be disabled. Create New E-mail Encryption Policies If you would like to create additional encryption policies, the steps to do so are described as follows: Open PGP Desktop. Locate the PGP Messaging control box on the left. This will display different configured services and the Messaging Log options. Within the PGP Messaging control box, select a configured service (e.g. [emailprotected]/* */). The settings for the service appear in the PGP Messaging work area, including the list of existing security policies. This is the right hand pane. Click New Policy in the PGP Messaging Control box OR pull down the Messaging menu and click New Messaging Policy. After the Message Policy dialog appears, enter a description of the policy in the top field offered. Specify the conditions to be met and the action to be performed. Specify a course of action to take if the recipient key is not found. For detailed descriptions of the available conditions and actions, please refer to your PGP Desktop Users Guide (.pdf). This is located in StartProgramsPGPDocumentation. Policies are applied in the order that they are listed. You can change the order by highlighting the policy you wish to move and clicking the up or down arrow at the bottom of the Security Policies window to move it. Understanding the PGP Messaging Log The PGP Messaging Log, located in the PGP Messaging control box, is instrumental in describing the actions taken by PGP Messaging in processing E-mail . View Log For: This item at the top left will allow you to view the logs of the current day or up to seven days past. Just select the day you wish to view. View Level: This option in the upper right will allow you to view logs related to general information, warnings, error Message , and may even be set to verbose for greater detail of each item previously mentioned. Saving Daily Log If you wish to save the log file for a specific day, display the correct day and click Save at the bottom of the Messaging Log work screen. Specify the location to save the file and click Save again. Shred Log Use the Shred Log option to clean the contents of the Messaging Log for the currently displayed day. 3.Securing Instant Messaging AIM sessions between two systems running PGP Desktop 9.x are protected automatically when PGP Desktop 9.x is installed and the PGP AIM Proxy is enabled. Both AIM users MUST have PGP Desktop 9.x installed for the session to be encrypted. It is not sufficient that one user have PGP Desktop installed. Both must have the AIM Proxy enabled. Both users also have to be added to the buddy list in the AIM settings. Enable PGP AIM Proxy The PGP AIM Proxy is enabled by default if the option was not unchecked during installation. If the proxy is disabled, there are two ways to enable it. These methods are as follows: Click on the PGP Desktop padlock in the system tray. Click Use PGP AIM Proxy. The option will have a check by it when enabled. Open PGP Desktop through StartProgramsPGP menu. Pull down the Tools menu, and click Use PGP AIM Proxy. How to Know the Session is Encrypted When the option is enabled you should see an alert in the system tray which states PGP Desktop Secured AOL Instant Messenger session for [screen name] has started. Additionally, other users will see a padlock next to your screen name. You. will see in the conversation a note that the conversation is being encrypted by PGP Desktop. Solution Task-2 a) Why TCP/IP Network are considered unsecured. W hen TCP/IP was designed in the early 1980s, security was not a primary concern. However, in the years since their inception, the lack of security in the TCP/IP protocols has become more of a problem. The widespread use and availability of the TCP/IP protocol suite has exposed its weaknesses. Presented here are a number of well-known vulnerabilities of both TCP/IP itself, and of some protocols commonly used along with TCP/IP (such as DNS). TCP SYN attacks IP Spoofing Sequence Guessing Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Source Routing Connecting Hijacking Desynchronization during connection establishment Desynchronization in the middle of a connection Routing (RIP) attacks ICMP attacks DNS attacks The lack of unique identifiers a) TCP SYN attacks In an Internet environment, high message latency and loss are not uncommon, resulting in messages that arrive late or in nonsequential order. The TCP half of TCP/IP uses sequence numbers so that it can ensure data is given to the user in the correct order, regardless of when the data is actually received. These sequence numbers are initially established during the opening phase of a TCP connection, in the three-way handshake. SYN attacks take advantage of a flaw in how most hosts implement this three-way handshake When Host B receives the SYN request from A, it must keep track of the partially opened connection in a listen queue for at least 75 seconds. This is to allow successful connections even with long network delays. Figure: SYN Flooding b) IP Spoofing IP Spoofing is an attack where an attacker pretends to be sending data from an IP address other than its own [Morris85, Bellovin89]. The IP layer assumes that the source address on any IP packet it receives is the same IP address as the system that actually sent the packet it does no authentication. c) Sequence Guessing The sequence number used in TCP connections is a 32 bit number, so it would seem that the odds of guessing the correct ISN are exceedingly low. However, if the ISN for a connection is assigned in a predictable way, it becomes relatively easy to guess. This flaw in TCP/IP implementations was recognized as far back as 1985, when Robert Morris described how to exploit predictable ISNs in BSD 4.2, a Unix derivative [Morris85]. Figure :IP Spoofing via Sequence Guessing d) Source Routing Another variant of IP spoofing makes use of a rarely used IP option, Source Routing. Source routing allows the originating host to specify the path (route) that the receiver should use to reply to it. An attacker may take advantage of this by specifying a route that by-passes the real host, and instead directs replies to a path it can monitor Although simple, this attack may not be as successful now, as routers are commonly configured to drop packets with source routing enabled. Figure : Source Routing Describe the following technologies: 1) SSL (Secure Socket Layer) 2) IPSec (IP Security) 3) Kerbaros Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol was developed by Netscape Communications, and enables secure communication over the Internet. SSL works at the transport layer of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which makes the protocol independent of the application layer protocol functioning on top of it. SSL is an open standard protocol and is supported by a range of both servers and clients. SSL can be utilized for the following: Encrypt Web traffic using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). When HTTP is utilized together with SSL, it is known as HTTPS. SSL is generally utilized to authenticate Web servers, and to encrypt communications between Web browsers and Web servers. Encrypt mail and newsgroup traffic. SSL provides the following features for securing confidential data as it transverses over the Internet: Authentication Data integrity Data confidentiality through encryption The SSL handshake process is described below: The client initiates the SSL handshake process by sending a URL starting with the following: https:// to the server. The client initially sends the Web server a list of each encryption algorithm which it supports. Algorithms supported by SSL include RC4 and Data Encryption Standard (DES). The client also sends the server its random challenge string which will be utilized later in the process. The Web server next performs the following tasks: Selects an encryption algorithm from the list of encryption algorithms supported by, and received from the client. Sends the client a copy of its server certificate. Sends the client its random challenge string 2. IPSec (IP Security) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or Packet processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the application layer of the communications model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user computers. IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the ISAKMP/Oakley protocol. Security architecture IPsec is implemented by a set of cryptographic protocols for (1) securing packet flows,mutual authentication and establishing cryptographic parameters. The IP security architecture uses the concept of a security association as the basis for building security functions into IP. A security association is simply the bundle of algorithms and parameters (such as keys) that is being used to encrypt and authenticate a particular flow in one direction. Therefore, in normal bi-directional traffic, the flows are secured by a pair of security associations. Kerberos : Kerberos is An Authentication Service for Computer Networks. When using authentication based on cryptography, an attacker listening to the network gains no information that would enable it to falsely claim anothers identity. Kerberos is the most commonly used example of this type of authentication technology. Modern computer systems provide service to multiple users and require the ability to accurately identify the user making a request. In traditional systems, the users identity is verified by checking a password typed during login; the system records the identity and uses it to determine what operations may be performed. The process of verifying the users identity is called authentication. Password based authentication is not suitable for use on computer networks. Passwords sent across the network can be intercepted and subsequently used by eavesdroppers to impersonate the user. While this vulnerability has been long known, it was recently demonstrated on a major scale with the discovery of planted password collecting programs at critical points on the Internet . Authentication, Integrity, Confidentiality, and Authorization Authentication is the verification of the identity of a party who generated some data, and of the integrity of the data. A principal is the party whose identity is verified. The verifier is the party who demands assurance of the principals identity. Data integrity is the assurance that the data received is the same as generated. Authentication mechanisms differ in the assurances they provide: some indicate that data was generated by the principal at some point in the past, a few indicate that the principal was present when the data was sent, and others indicate that the data received was freshly generated by the principal Solution Task-3 rock-solid for years. Differences between Windows NT,Windows XP and UNIX UNIX is an operating system which was developed by Bell Labs, which was a subsidiary of the American Telephone and Telegraph company. UNIX was written to run the computers which control telephone switches, and is designed to use the least amount of memory possible. As far as I know, there is no Graphical User Interface, or GUI, available for use with UNIX. Widows is an operating system designed by Microsoft, and is made to be used as a GUI. The early versions of Windows, up through Windows 2000, used Microsoft Disc Operating System, or MS-DOS, to carry out the commands initiated by pointing at an icon and clicking on it. Windows XP uses a new operating system, NT, which was also designed by Microsoft, to carry out those commands. A Windows user uses a mouse to point at icons, select them, and open them. These operations are performed without having to enter any code into the computer, because the program generates the code when the mouse is clicked on the icon. UNIX requires that the user input code to perform any operation, and this code usually includes address specifications, processing instructions, and and output address specifications. Difference between Windows and UNIX web hosting Windows and UNIX are in fact two different systems and of course we are But Windows servers have also its positive sides, they are compatible with Microsoft applications, and fully support Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Access and MS SQL, they also offer advance-programming environments and features such as Active Server Pages (ASP), the ASP.NET framework, Visual Basic Scripts, MS Index Server, Macromedias and Cold Fusion. Windows operating system require little or no experience in web development to get advanced features working very quickly because of better graphical user interface (GUI) Software such as Microsofts FrontPage is specially developed for the webmaster to decrease the website development time and efforts. Lets go back again to UNIX, they support FrontPage, Flash, Shockwave, Real Audio/Video, Cgi Scripts, Perl, PHP, SSH (Secure Telnet), MySQL, Web-Based Control System, Anonymous FTP, Web Site Graphical Statistics, Web-Based Email System, Miva/XML, Cold Fusion Perl, JAV A, PHP, C, C++, Miva, Shell Access and other wide verity of feature like Telnet and SSH that provides lots of flexibility and freedom in managing file and directories, but some of this require advance knowledge of Unix commands in order for you to customize the scripts to match your website needs. Because of the nature of UNIX, (open source) and the people who love it, there is on the WWW freely available software and scripts, again bringing the cost down. Concluding which one is the best, it really depends what you need, if you need high uptime, security and not so expensive then go with UNIX, if you need to run Windows applications like, MS Access or the MS SQL SERVER then Windows is your choice. Difference between Windows and UNIX programming cultures This post on Slashdot links to an article on comparison between UNIX and Windows programming cultures. However, it mostly talks of how the problem of usability is approached. Id like to take a different tack, in the difference between the API of the two systems. Windows APIs are huge. In the Microsoft world, everything seems to end up being part of the core OS services somehow. This has the advantage that you dont need to expect people to have such-and-such library. Or does it? Changes to what is the core between OS versions make compatibility somewhat nightmarish; youre never quite sure what libraries are there or not. Writing installers is a mess. MSI helps, but not if theres no MSI package for the libraries. Another side-effect of this is that Windows programmers are always learning a zillion new things. Win32 services. COM. COM+. .NET. DNA. TAPI. The list goes on and on. Many of those APIs do the exact same thing, so learning the new one is only needed because the old one becomes obsolete. Its hard to stabilize such a huge API. Core Win32 APIs have no consistent reporting. OK, this drove me up the wall when I was coding on that platform. Does the MoveWindow() return NULL or INVALID_HANDLE on error? How about CreateFile()? And whats up with the ridiculous conventions for WaitForMultipleObjects()? Sure, GetLastError() is there, but so many APIs set this (including, say, MessageBox()) that many programs end up reporting an error as The operation completed successfully. UNIX APIs tend to return ints, -1 on error with errno set, a positive integer otherwise. Period. Windows SendMessage is stupid. Granted, with MFC and such, you dont need to look at it as much. But whats the big idea of passing two parameters of a known bit-width for every message? Why not pass a void* pointing to a different struct for each message? The result: huge pain when porting from Win16 to Win32, and another huge pain that will occur when porting from Win32 to Win64. No wonder they want to move to .NET. Compare to X-Window, which uses the void* approach, and you have to admit that SendMessage() and the WindowProc() conventions are mis-designed. Some Windows services are strangely tied to physical windows. For instance, many COM calls dont work if theres no window and no message loop. This is documented, but its a pain in the ass for multithreaded programming. Ditto for timers; IIRC theres no way portable to Win98 that lets you have a timer callback without a message loop. Compare to UNIX setitimer. UNIX threading is a mess. This has improved somewhat in recent years, but I still run into problems. Linux and glibc are the big culprits there. They have changed their threading strategies several time, and each time a glitch appears, we get a finger-pointing match between the kernel and glibc team. This is annoying to say the least. At least one widely-distributed Linux distro (RedHat 9) exhibits severe problems under load, due to bugs in the glibc that are partly made worse by the JDK. In my view, threading should be a kernel service (and Im not completely alone in this viewit seems the Linux kernel is moving more and more towards that model) and it should remain stable, dammit. Sure, you could do similar things with fork(), but thats not a reasonable approach with a GC runtime. In contrast, Win32 threading has been Differences between HIDS and NIDS Host Intrusion Detection (HIDS) This real-time monitoring device alerts the administrator when a specific event has occurred such as a new user being added or any abnormal usage patterns. Host intrusion detection software detect threats aimed at your critical hosts or servers. Network Intrusion Detection(NIDS) NIDS primary responsibility is to monitor, detect and identify malicious activity on a network. Once suspicious activity is detected, an alert is generated for each activity. Comparative analysis of HIDS vs. NIDS Function HIDS NIDS Comments Protection on LAN **** **** Both systems protect you on your LAN Protection off LAN **** Only HIDS protects you when you are off the LAN Ease of Administration **** **** The admin of NIDS and HIDS is equal from a central admin perspective. Versatility **** ** HIDS are more versatile systems. Price *** * HIDS are more affordable systems if the right product is chosen. Ease of Implementation **** **** Both NIDS and HIDS are equal form a central control perspective Little Training required **** ** HIDS requires less training than NIDS Total cost of ownership *** ** HIDS cost you less to own in the long run Bandwidth requirements on (LAN) 0 2 NIDS uses up LAN bandwidth. HIDS does not. Network overhead 1 2 The NIDS has double the total network bandwidth requirements from any LAN Bandwidth requirements (internet) ** ** Both IDS need internet bandwidth to keep the pattern files current Spanning port switching requirements **** NIDS requires that port spanning be enabled to ensure that your LAN traffic is scanned. Update frequency to clients **** HIDS updates all of the clients with a central pattern file. Cross platform compatibility ** **** NIDS are more adaptable to cross platform environments. Local machine registry scans **** Only HIDS can do these types of scans. Logging *** *** Both systems have logging functionality Alarm functions *** *** Both systems alarm the individual and the administrator. PAN scan **** Only HIDS scan you personal area networks. (unless you have the $ to get a NIDS for your home) Packet rejection **** Only NIDS functions in this mode. Specialist knowledge *** **** More knowledge is required when installing and understanding how to use NIDS from a network security perspective. Central management ** *** NIDS are more centrally managed. Disable risk factor * **** NIDS failure rate is much higher than HIDS failure rate. NIDS has one point of failure. HIDS and NIDS Advantages: HIDS Advantages: The primary advantage of NIDS is that it can watch the whole network or any subsets of the network from one location. Therefore, NIDS can detect probes, scans, malicious and anomalous activity across the whole network. These systems can also serve to identify general traffic patterns for a network as well as aid in troubleshooting network problems. NIDS also is not able to understand host specific processes or protect from unauthorized physical access. NIDS Advantages: HIDS technology does not have the benefits of watching the whole network to identify patterns like NIDS does. A recommended combination of host and network intrusion detection systems, in which a NIDS is placed at the network border and an HIDS is deployed on critical servers such as databases, Web services and essential file servers, is the best way to significantly reduce risk. Solution Task-4 How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. b. Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. c. THREE C++ functions ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow. How a variety of overruns and format string bugs can alter the program flow on program. A buffer overflow occurs when a program or process tries to store more data in a buffer (temporary data storage area) than it was intended to hold. Since buffers are created to contain a finite amount of data, the extra information which has to go somewhere can overflow into adjacent buffers, corrupting or overwriting the valid data held in them. Although it may occur accidentally through programming error, buffer overflow is an increasingly common type of security attack on data integrity. In buffer overflow attacks, the extra data may contain codes designed to trigger specific actions, in effect sending new instructions to the attacked computer that could, for example, damage the users files, change data, or disclose confidential information. Buffer overflow attacks are said to have arisen because the C programming language supplied the framework, and poor programming practices supplied the vulnerability. In July 2000, a vulnerability to buffer overflow attack was discovered in Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express. A programming flaw made it possible for an attacker to compromise the integrity of the target computer by simply it sending an e-mail message. Unlike the typical e-mail virus, users could not protect themselves by not opening attached files; in fact, the user did not even have to open the message to enable the attack. The programs message header mechanisms had a defect that made it possible for senders to overflow the area with extraneous data, which allowed them to execute whatever type of code they desired on the recipients computers. Because the process was activated as soon as the recipient downloaded the message from the server, this type of buffer overflow attack was very difficult to defend. Microsoft has since created a patch to eliminate the vulnerability. (b) Five methods of causing havoc by unauthorized altering of memory using a buffer overflow. A Hybrid Method of Defense against Buffer Overflow Attacks: (1) Stack Guard : The Stack Guard compiler is the most well known dynamic method of defense against buffer overflows attacks. It is designed to detect and stop stack based buffer overflows attacks targeting the return address on the stack. It guards the return address by placing a dummy value (canary value) between the return address and the stack data just before transferring control to a function. StackGuard protection can be subverted if the attacker can guess the dummy value, or by abusing a pointer to the return address. (2) Stack Shield: This is a compiler patch for GCC , which is also based on the idea of protecting the return address on the stack. It implements three types of protection; two of them defend against overwriting of the return address and one against overwriting of function pointers. It basically implements all of them using auxiliary stacks or global variables to maintain copies of the original contents i.e. contents before function calls and then compares the respective contents before returning control, to determine if the return address or function pointers have been tampered with. (3) Propolice : Propolice is a GCC patch [7] that is perhaps the most sophisticated compiler based protection mechanism. It borrows the idea of protecting the return address with canary values from StackGuard. Additionally it protects stack allocated variables by rearranging the local variables so that character buffers are always allocated at the bottom, next to the old base pointer, where they cannot be over flown to harm any other local variables. (4) Libsafe/Libverify : This tool is similar to the solution proposed in this paper as it also provides a combination of static and dynamic protection. Statically it patches exploitable buffer manipulations functions in standard C library. A range check is done by a safe wrapper function before proceeding with the actual operation, which ensures that the return address and the base pointer cannot be overwritten.. (5) LibsafePlus: This is a newly developed tool for runtime buffer Overflow protection. The idea of their protection method is similar to that presented in this paper; that is they first collect the size information of buffers in the program and then use it to detect overflows via function call interception as in Libsafe. They use a tool called TIED: Type Information Extractor and Depositor. (c) Describe at least THREE C++ functions : Canary-based defenses. Non-executing stack defenses. Other approaches. Canary-based defenses Researcher Crispen Cowan created an interesting approach called StackGuard. Stackguard modifies the C compiler (gcc) so that a canary value is inserted in front of return addresses. The canary acts like a canary in a coal mine: it warns when something has gone wrong. Before any function returns, it checks to make sure that the canary value hasnt changed. If an attacker overwrites the return address (as part of a stack-smashing attack), the canarys value will probably change and the system can stop instead. This is a useful approach, but note that this does not protect against buffer overflows overwriting other values. 2. Non-executing stack defenses Another approach starts by making it impossible to execute code on the stack. Unfortunately, the memory protection mechanisms of the x86 processors (the most common processors) dont easily support this; normally if a page is readable, its executable. A developer named Solar Designer dreamed up a clever combination of kernel and processor mechanisms to create a non-exec stack patch for the Linux kernel; with this patch, programs on the stack can no longer be normally run on x86s. It turns out that there are cases where executable programs are needed on the stack; this includes signal handling and trampoline handling. Trampolines are exotic constructs sometimes generated by compilers (such as the GNAT Ada compiler) to support constructs like nested subroutines. Solar Designer also figured out how to make these special cases work while preventing attacks. 3. Other approaches There are many other approaches. One approach is to make standard library routines more resistant to attack. Lucent Technologies developed Libsafe, a wrapper of several standard C library functions like strcpy() known to be vulnerable to stack-smashing attacks. Libsafe is open source software licensed under the LGPL. The libsafe versions of those functions check to make sure that array overwrites cant exceed the stack frame. However, this approach only protects those specific functions, not stack overflow vulnerabilities in general, and it only protects the stack, not local values in the stack. Their original implementation uses LD_PRELOAD, which can conflict with other programs. (d) ONE well-recognized method of preventing buffer overflow: Preventing Buffer Overflows Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are the result of poor input validation: they enable an attacker to run his input as code in the victim. Even when care has been taken to validate all inputs, bugs might slip through and make the application insecure. This article presents the various options available to protect against buffer overflows. These methods either check for insecure function calls statically, look for overflow during runtime dynamically or prevent execution of code on the stack. Non-executable stack: In this method the stack is configured not to hold any executable code. Kernel patches are available for both Linux and Solaris for configuring a non-executable stack. Data execution prevention in Windows XP and 2003 also protect the stack against buffer overflow. This method protects against stack-based buffer overflow attacks. Static Analysis: In static analysis the source code is parsed for dangerous library calls and race conditions to detect potential buffer overflows. Functions like strcpy and sprintf are vulnerable to buffer overflows, so source code scanners are used to look for incorrect use of these functions. RATS and SPLINT are two such tools; however static analysis is riddled with false positives. Dynamic runtime protection: Buffer overflow conditions are detected during the actual running of the program in this method, and an attack thwarted. Different techniques of dynamic runtime analysis are: Canary: When a function call is made, a canary is added to the return address; if a buffer overflow occurs, the canary will be corrupted. So, before returning to the parent function, the canary is checked again to see if it has been modified. Stack Guard uses this technique by implementing it as a patch to the GCC complier; this causes minimum performance delays. Free BSD also has a patch available to do this. Copying Return Address: In this method, the return address is saved separately; so even when a buffer overflow exploit overwrites the return address on the stack, it is set back to the original value when the function returns.

Taking a Look at Abortion - 632 Words

Abortion Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy. Many people have different opinions on abortion. Some believe that women have the constitutional right to termite an unwanted pregnancy and decide what they wish to do with their bodies. Others believe abortions aren’t the right choice to make when trying to end an unplanned pregnancy and they try to defend and protect the life of the fetus. For decade’s women have been seeking abortions, to them it seems like an acceptable way to end an unplanned pregnancy (abortion 1). Abortion can be performed three different ways but the most common way is surgically. In surgical abortion a metal or plastic suction tube is inserted into the uterus, the contents are then removed. A spoon like instrument can also be used to gently scrape the walls of the uterus (abortion 1). Another method used involves taking a medication developed in France called RU 486. When this medication is taken during the first seven weeks of pregnancy it causes the embryo to detach from the uterus, this medication is said to be safer and more economical than surgical abortion (abortion 2). The final method in which abortion can be performed is by injecting a salt or hormone solution into the uterus this causes the mother to have contraction. In this method the uterus may also be scraped to ensure that no tissue is left behind (Cassedy 61). A women’s main goal is to prevent unwanted pregnancies but access to birth control was very limitedShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Abortion1764 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy, whether it is naturally (miscarriage) or it can be induced, which is when a woman decides that she does not want to have a baby. Abortion takes place all over the world, for multiple reasons. It started nearly 200 years ago. The reason I chose this topic is because it is commonly debated about personally, I am pro-life. 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Astronomy and Japanese Myths Essay example - 1027 Words

Astronomy and Japanese Myths Throughout history different cultures have let astronomy shape their beliefs and customs. One such culture that has traditions rich in astronomy is the Japanese culture. Since I am half Japanese, I thought I would discuss some of the traditions found in Japanese culture. Further, I will explain how these aincient traditions and beliefs are still present in modern day society in Japan. I found some really great websites which I will use to write my essay. The first website focuses primarily on Japanese festivals/traditions and how astronomy plays a part in Japanese festivals/traditions. The Astrologers Union of Japan homepage is great, but the whole website is written in Japanese. Astroarts has a†¦show more content†¦The emperor loved his daughter and felt sorry for her...he arranged(where the idea of arranged marriage in Japan comes from?) for her to marry Kengyuu(Altair), a prince who lived across the river of heaven. As the marriage of Orihime Boshii and Kengyuu bl ossomed, Orihime Boshii neglected her weaving and this upset and worried her father. The emperor finally decided to separate the couple by means of the river of heaven, however, for one day out of the year(7th day of the 7th month) the couple would be allowed to be together. On that day a boatman(the moon) would ferry Orihime Boshii across the river to see her husband Kengyuu...the boatman would only come to ferry Orihime Boshii across the river of heaven if she had finished her weaving...id she had not finished her weaving it would rain and the river would be too flooded to cross by boat. The gods took compassion on Orihime Boshii and allowed for a group of Kasasagi(magpies) to fly into the milky way and make a magpie bridge for Orihime Boshii to cross over to the other side and see Kengyuu. Tanabata, the festival based on this legend is celebrated every year on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Japanese lunar calendar. 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